高速列车车轮与曲尖轨接触分析

为了研究高速铁路曲尖轨磨耗严重的问题,现场实测不同位置处的18号高速道岔曲尖轨型面及不同磨耗程度的高速列车车轮型面,建立车轮-基本轨-曲尖轨有限元模型,进行轮轨弹塑性接触分析,得出如下结论:车轮与尖轨接触状态受车轮磨耗程度与沿尖轨线路接触位置影响;使用标准车轮的情况下,当尖轨与基本轨共同承担载荷时,随着距尖轨尖端距离的增加,尖轨所受最大等效应力呈先增大后减小的趋势,当超过屈服极限时,易造成尖轨飞边;当尖轨单独承担全部载荷时,所受最大等效应力急剧增加,塑性变形加重,侧磨加剧.不同磨耗程度的车轮对尖轨会造成不同损伤,磨耗Ⅰ型车轮易造成尖轨压溃,磨耗Ⅱ型、磨耗Ⅲ型、磨耗Ⅳ型易使尖轨发生飞边,剥离掉块.     

地铁道岔轨顶坡对尖轨磨耗的影响

针对地铁道岔磨耗严重及使用寿命短等问题,利用有限元方法建立道岔区三维弹塑性轮轨接触计算模型,通过计算尖轨接触应力、接触斑面积及内部应力等,分析轨顶坡对尖轨磨耗的影响。模型中车轮型面采用实测磨耗状态LM型车轮型面。研究结果表明:设置轨顶坡时,尖轨接触应力及内部应力均比不设置轨顶坡的小;以尖轨顶宽35.5 mm断面为例,当轨顶坡从1/40增大到1/20时,其接触应力最大值从904.267 MPa减小至686.266 MPa,Von Mises应力最大值从552.123 MPa降低至493.755 MPa,状态由塑性变形转变为弹性变形,有利于减小尖轨磨耗;增大尖轨断面顶面宽度可以提高其受力状态,延长道岔使用寿命;综合考虑尖轨受力状态,1/20轨顶坡优于其他轨顶坡。     

重载货车-固定辙叉动态与静态接触性能分析

针对重载铁路固定辙叉磨耗问题,应用动力学理论与有限元方法,分别建立C80货车-固定辙叉系统耦合动力学模型与轮叉弹塑性接触模型,分析重载货车-固定辙叉动态与接触性能。应用SIMPACK软件建立动力学模型以模拟C80货车通过75kg/m钢轨12号道岔,计算结果表明：固定辙叉最大磨耗功率随着速度的提升迅速增大,车轮从翼轨向心轨过渡将对心轨产生冲击,而且速度越高冲击力越大。应用HYPERMESH软件,建立三维弹塑性有限元接触模型,计算分析在标准75kg/m钢轨12号道岔固定辙叉不同位置处与标准货车LM型面车轮的接触状态。在模型中分别施加动载垂向力与静载轴重,进行计算,与静载轴重相比,动载垂向力作用下的最大等效应力剧增。综上所述,建议C80货车通过固定辙叉时严格控制在50km/h范围内。     

高速道岔曲尖轨疲劳裂纹成因分析

根据高速铁路18号单开道岔的基本轨-曲尖轨设计廓形和实测廓形数据,采用车辆-道岔动力学模型,分析了列车逆向-侧向过岔时轮载位置的转移、基本轨和尖轨上的接触斑法向应力和疲劳裂纹指数,提出了高速道岔曲尖轨疲劳裂纹形成的原因。研究发现：高速道岔基本轨和尖轨实测廓形显示尖轨降低值存在不足,使得同一转向架1、2位轮对的外轮轮载转移分别过早和过快,且随着车轮和钢轨廓形磨耗,这种情况进一步恶化。由此造成曲尖轨受到较大的法向接触应力,特别是1位轮对的外轮对曲尖轨轨肩和轨距角疲劳裂纹的形成贡献度最大。曲尖轨最早出现裂纹的区域在其顶宽20~50mm范围内。     

道岔区固定辙叉心轨垂磨对轮轨动态接触的影响

通过实测数据和文献资料,分析了辙叉区心轨垂直磨耗分布规律,并基于该规律构造了各级垂直磨耗分布曲线。针对重载条件下普速铁路60 kg?m^-1钢轨12号单开道岔,基于车辆-道岔耦合动力学的理论,建立重载货车-道岔耦合动力学模型,计算分析了固定辙叉心轨垂直磨耗对重载货车通过道岔辙叉区轮轨接触的影响规律。结果表明：心轨顶宽20~40 mm范围是实测心轨垂直磨耗较为严重的区域;随着心轨垂直磨耗量的增大,轮载过渡区轮轨接触力最大值和接触力过渡曲线波动性普遍增大,轮轨接触关系随之恶化,心轨与翼轨之间的轮载过渡平稳性随之下降;当轨道几何不平顺较为良好时,心轨顶宽40 mm处垂磨应控制在5 mm之内。     

地铁钢轨双光带形成机理分析

针对国内某地铁线路上直线段钢轨出现双光带的现象,选取标准钢轨廓形与不同镟后运行里程的车轮廓形匹配,利用建立的地铁车辆动力学模型与Archard磨耗模型,对钢轨双光带的形成机理进行分析;同时利用仿真得到的钢轨磨耗廓形与车轮标准踏面外形LM匹配,研究钢轨双光带对车辆动力学性能的影响。研究结果表明：当车轮标准踏面外形LM与标准钢轨廓形匹配时,在钢轨轨距角侧会产生明显的单峰值磨耗,在钢轨上表现为单光带;随车轮镟后运行里程增加,除了轨距角侧的磨耗峰值外,在轨顶外侧也开始出现磨耗峰值;随车轮镟后运行里程进一步增大,钢轨在轨距角侧和轨顶外侧将分别形成2个明显磨耗峰值,对应钢轨上双光带出现的位置,并且双光带的位置趋于稳定;钢轨产生双光带后,车辆的蛇行临界速度明显下降,横向平稳性变差,垂向平稳性几乎不受影响。     

轮轨型面对车辆曲线通过性及磨耗影响

对比初始与实测轮轨型面对上海地铁A型车的曲线通过性能的影响,并分析不同的轮轨型面匹配对轮轨磨耗、钢轨波浪形磨耗、接触疲劳的影响.结果表明4种不同的轮轨匹配下,车辆的曲线通过性能都能满足车辆动力学性能要求,但新车轮运行在已磨损的轨面上时,曲线通过性能略差,其轮轨横向力和脱轨系数偏高.初始轮轨匹配在过小半径曲线时其外轮轨具有较大的自旋功,且内外轮轨上高的纵向蠕滑率将导致车轮产生粘滑振动,易形成波磨,经过滚动接触疲劳分析,磨损后的车轮踏面易对小半径曲线外轨造成表面接触疲劳破坏.     

地铁车轮凹陷磨耗对踏面接触应力的影响

针对地铁列车运营后出现的车轮踏面滚动接触疲劳现象,利用有限元软件ABAQUS建立考虑轮轨真实几何关系的三维弹塑性轮轨接触数值仿真模型,结合现场调查车轮磨耗结果和轮轨接触几何关系分析,计算分析车轮不同凹陷磨耗状态对踏面材料应力应变状态的影响。研究结果表明:车轮踏面主要凹陷磨耗区域为车轮踏面横向位置-30～50 mm处,轮轨接触几何关系呈强非线性特性,其轮轨接触点位置集中在车轮踏面横向位置20～32 mm或-32～-20 mm。车轮不同凹陷磨耗状态下的轮轨接触状态差异显著,在磨耗突变区(-30～-20 mm)轮轨接触斑呈狭长椭圆分布,导致相同载荷下轮轨接触应力较大。当轮对向外轨横移时,车轮凹陷磨耗接触区域材料易进入屈服状态,此时车轮踏面沿接触斑深度方向0～3.6 mm范围内Von-Mises等效应力最大,踏面表层材料等效塑性应变最大。车轮踏面出现凹陷磨耗后,车辆频繁地通过小半径曲线时易在磨耗突变区造成较高的等效应力和等效塑性应变,从而导致轮缘根部表面材料产生剥离损伤。     

现代有轨电车线路轨底坡对槽型轨磨耗的影响

建立了槽型轨磨耗预测模型,包括考虑了独立旋转车轮的现代有轨电车车辆-轨道耦合动力学计算模型、基于槽型轨多点接触特性的轮轨接触模型以及Archard材料磨耗模型.通过与相关文献结果的对比验证了模型的有效性,并采用该模型分析了轨底坡对现代有轨电车通过小半径曲线轨道时槽型轨磨耗的影响.结果表明:轨底坡为1/60和1/20时,内外侧槽型轨轨面及轨距角位置磨耗相对集中,在X=18 mm附近位置钢轨磨耗影响较轻;相对钢轨磨耗量而言,设置轨底坡为1/20有利于减轻钢轨磨耗.     

不同车轮型面对地铁道岔区轮轨静态接触行为的影响

为了研究不同车轮型面对地铁9号道岔转辙器区的轮轨静态接触行为的影响,基于经典迹线法求解轮轨接触几何关系,利用三维非赫兹滚动接触理论分析接触力学特性,分析接触点对分布、道岔转辙器结构不平顺、轮轨接触几何参数和轮轨接触斑的形状、面积及最大法向接触应力等。数值计算中,考虑轮背距为1 353 mm的LM和DIN5573以及轮背距为1 358 mm的S1002这3种车轮型面,从静力学分析的角度提出地铁道岔区的最优车轮型面。研究结果表明:DIN5573车轮过岔接触点对分布较集中,结构不平顺幅值较小,直向过岔时轮对的稳定性较好但接触力学特性较差;S1002车轮侧向过岔通过能力较强,接触力学特性良好,但轮对向尖基轨侧横移时较易发生轮缘接触,轮轨表面易产生疲劳伤损;LM车轮综合匹配性能最好。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.