Evolution of genes and genomes on the Drosophila phylogeny

Comparative analysis of multiple genomes in a phylogenetic framework dramatically improves the precision and sensitivity of evolutionary inference, producing more robust results than single-genome analyses can provide. The genomes of 12 Drosophila species, ten of which are presented here for the first time (sechellia, simulans, yakuba, erecta, ananassae, persimilis, willistoni, mojavensis, virilis and grimshawi), illustrate how rates and patterns of sequence divergence across taxa can illuminate evolutionary processes on a genomic scale. These genome sequences augment the formidable genetic tools that have made Drosophila melanogaster a pre-eminent model for animal genetics, and will further catalyse fundamental research on mechanisms of development, cell biology, genetics, disease, neurobiology, behaviour, physiology and evolution. Despite remarkable similarities among these Drosophila species, we identified many putatively non-neutral changes in protein-coding genes, non-coding RNA genes, and cis-regulatory regions. These may prove to underlie differences in the ecology and behaviour of these diverse species.     

蛋白质组学及其在肿瘤研究中的应用

蛋白质组学是在细胞的整体蛋白质水平上进行研究、从蛋白质整体活动的角度来认识生命活动规律的一门新学科.由于生命的表现形式最终是由蛋白质决定的,因此,从蛋白质组的角度研究肿瘤的诊断与治疗具有积极的现实意义.     

蛋白质组学及其相关技术的研究进展

对蛋白质、蛋白质组、蛋白质组学、蛋白质组学相关技术(尤其是双向凝胶电泳技术)作以简要介绍，并对孽领域近年来的发展动态进行了综述．     

蛋白质组学及其研究进展

蛋白质组学作为后基因时代研究的一个重要内容,已广泛深入到生命科学和医药学的各个领域,近年来蛋白质组学技术发展迅猛。本文对蛋白质组学的概念、产生背景进行了介绍,综合论述了蛋白质组学的技术路线以及研究进展。     

Duplication and remoulding of tRNA genes during the evolutionary rearrangement of mitochondrial genomes

During the evolution of sea urchins, a transfer RNA gene lost its tRNA function and became part of a protein-coding gene. This functional loss of a tRNA with specificity for one group of leucine codons (CUN, where N is any base) was accompanied by the gain of a new tRNA with that specificity. The new tRNA gene for CUN codons appears to have evolved by duplication and divergence from a tRNA gene specific for another group of leucine codons (UUR, where R is a purine). These proposals account for (1) the strong sequence resemblance between the modern tRNA genes for CUN and UUR codons in Paracentrotus, (2) the altered location of the CUN gene in mitochondrial DNA of this urchin, and (3) the persistence of a 72-base pair sequence containing a trace of the old CUN gene at its original location. The old CUN gene now codes for an extra 24 amino acids at the amino end of subunit 5 in NADH dehydrogenase. Besides giving clues about the mechanisms by which tRNA genes move during mitochondrial DNA evolution, this finding leads us to propose a pathway relating the arrangements of other genes in mitochondrial DNAs from four animal phyla.     

Advances in the study of helminth mitochondrial genomes and their associated applications

Helminths, including flatworms and roundworms, are abundant organisms that have a variety of life histories. Of these, the genera Schistosoma, Echinococcus, Trichinella are notable parasites of veterinary and medical importance, and cause substantial socio- economic losses throughout China and the rest of the world. Genetic markers in the mitochondrial (mt) genome have proven use- ful for systematic, ecological, evolutionary and population studies, and the growth of mt genomic research has increased in the last two decades. Technological improvements, such as the long-polymerase chain reaction method and high-throughput se- quencing have allowed minute amounts of DNA from single worms, biopsy samples or microscopic organisms to be used for whole mt genome characterization. To facilitate the retrieval, annotation and analyses of mitochondrial features, multiple data- bases and specific software have also been designed and established. This review focuses on current progress, applications and perspectives regarding helminth mt genomics. To date, the complete mt genomes for 93 species of helminths have been sequenced and analyzed. Analyses of the mt genes, including gene content, arrangement, composition and variation have revealed unique features among the helminths when compared with other metazoans. This provides important data concerning their functional and comparative mitochondrial genomics, molecular taxonomy and characterization, population genetics and systematics, and evolu- tionary history. Moreover, mt genome data for parasitic helminths are important for diagnosis, epidemiology and ecology of in- fections. Mitochondrial genome data offer a rich source of markers for the systematics and population genetics of socioeconomi- cally important parasitic helminths of humans and other animals.     

蛋白质组学用于疾病特殊蛋白质的鉴定

蛋白质组学是一门新的启动技术.它将便利越过一切生物学系统或疾病的蛋白质系统分析.在疾病特殊蛋白质的鉴别过程蛋白质组学高度补充基因组方法,且第一次提供科学家使蛋白质组信息,表达mRNA,它们各自的蛋白质和亚细胞定位一体化的能力.期望会导致对疾病机制新的重大认识.     

微生物蛋白质组学研究中的二维凝胶电泳技术

二维凝胶电泳（two—dimensional electrophoresis,2-DE）是蛋白质组研究的核心技术,由于在蛋白质组学研究中的重要作用近年来备受关注。对在微生物蛋白质组学研究中的二维凝胶电泳技术的原理、主要步骤、应用、面临的问题和未来展望进行了概述。     

鸟枪法蛋白质组学的研究动态与应用

介绍了鸟枪法蛋白质组的系统组成,研究进展以及在医药领域的应用情况．鸟枪法蛋白质组学自出现以来 已经成为研究复杂蛋白质混合物的有力工具．随着色谱和质谱技术的提高,样品制备方法的改进以及多向色谱和蛋 白质组信息学的不断发展,鸟枪法蛋白质组学也遇到了机遇和挑战．     

蛋白质组学研究与应用

蛋白质组学是继基因组学之后20世纪末兴起的前沿学科热点．阐述了蛋白质组的概念、蛋白质组学研究的内容与特点和研究意义；综述了蛋白质纽学研究中蛋白质组样品的制备方法、所运用的蛋白质组分离技术、鉴定技术等研究技术手段及其特点，以及蛋白质组学在基础生物学、基础医学、疾病诊断与治疗、新药研究开发中的应用现状与前景；介绍了国内、外蛋白质组学研究领域的最新进展．     

蛋白质组学研究进展及其在植物学研究中的应用

蛋白质组是后基因组时代出现的一个新兴研究领域.蛋白质组的研究主要是先通过双向凝胶电泳等方法分离蛋白质,然后用质谱等技术进行鉴定.它是后基因组重要的研究方向之一,具有巨大的商业应用前景,将会推动整个生命科学的发展.蛋白质组研究取得了很大进展,已经成为生物技术中的-个重要领域.