Trace element geochemistry during chemical weathering——As exemplified by the weathered crust of granite, Longnan, Jiangxi

The granite weathering in Longnan, Jiangxi, is represented by mineralogical changes of feldspars → montmorillonite, illite → kaolinite, halloysite f66 bauxite, with Na, Ca, Si, P, V, U and Sr being in a mobile state while Ti, Al, Fe, Sc, Th, Zr and Hf remaining relatively conservative. With the exception of Zr/Hf, Nb/Ta, Th/Sc, Zr/Nd and Sm/Nb, changes are notable in ratios between most of the trace elements. Re-distribution of REE and Y has taken place during the chemical weathering, and the REE patterns of weathered samples in the profile, with original characters of the parent rock still recognizable, has undergone some fractiona-tion. Generally, the extent of chemical weathering is the critical factor determining the mineralogical and chemical characteristics of the profiles and this must be taken into account in any study of tracing the provenance on the basis of mineralogical and trace element characteristics of the sediments.     

天水上泥盆统变砂岩地球化学特征及构造环境

目的探讨天水地区上泥盆统大草滩群变砂岩形成的构造环境。方法利用砂岩常量元素、微量元素和稀土元素地球化学分析,结合区域地质研究。结果天水地区上泥盆统大草滩群主要为变砂岩、粉砂岩、泥质岩石,其中的变砂岩地球化学具有相对低SiO2,Na2O,高TiO2,MgO,Fe2O3,A l2O3的特征;富集Nb,Co,La,Ce,Nd,亏损Sc,Th,Hf以及La/Th,La/Sc,Th/Sc,Ti/Zr,Zr/Hf等特征参数与大陆岛弧和活动大陆边缘构造环境沉积物相似。结论天水地区上泥盆统大草滩群中的变砂岩碎屑来源于活动大陆边缘。     

南秦岭岚皋基性火山岩的地质学 、地球化学及其构造意义

为了研究南秦岭岚皋地区基性火山岩的岩石成因和区域构造背景, 选择岚皋县境内的玄武岩和火山角砾岩进行岩相学、常量元素、微量元素和稀土元素的分析。通过分析发现, 它们同属于碱性玄武岩系列, 轻重稀土分异明显, Rb, K 相对Th, Hf 亏损, 不具 Nb, Ta, Zr, Ti 负异常, 整体表现出与 OIB( 洋岛玄武岩) 高度一致的稀土图谱和微量元素特征。岩石成因分析表明, 它们为同源岩浆演化序列, 其原始岩浆起源于尖晶石-石榴石二辉橄榄岩和石榴石二辉橄榄岩地幔源区的低度部分熔融, 在上升过程中基本未受地壳混染的影响。岩浆演化过程中主要经历了单斜辉石、少量斜长石的分离结晶作用。综合区域地质学和微量元素特征, 该组火山岩最有可能形成于洋盆台地或大洋岛构造环境。     

Elemental composition in the sediments of the Yangtze and the Yellow Rivers and their tracing implication

Elemental compositions in the surface sediments of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River are quite different. The Yangtze River' s sediment is rich in K, Fe, Mg, Al and most of trace elements, and its elemental composition show remarkable spatial variations, whereas the Yellow River s sediment has higher contents of Ca, Na, Sr, Ba, Zr and Hf, and the elemental composition remains relatively stable. The ratios of some elements are also different in the sediments of the two rivers. The elemental composition of the Yangtze River sediment results from widely distributed igneous rocks and complicated source rocks and strong chemical weathering in the Yangtze River catchment basin, while the main provenance of the Yellow River sediment is the Loess Plateau which has dominant influence on the elemental composition, and the intense physical weathering is another controlling factor. The elements such as Cu, Zn, Sc, Ti, Fe, V, Ni, Cr, Co, Li and element ratios such as La/Sc, La/Co, Th/Co, Ti/Zr and Zr/Y can be used as the tracers to distinguish the Yangtze River sediment from the Yellow River s. The tracers can be used in the study of the mixing and distribution of the substances of the two rivers matters in coastal zones of China.     

Trace element geochemistry of the Lower Cambrian black rock series from northwestern Hunan, South China

Samples of black rock series collected from the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation, northwestern Hunan Province, China, were analyzed for trace elements.The trace element geochemical characteristics of the ore layer (high enrichments of Ni, Mo, V, U, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Tl and Ba; high U/Th ratios and LREE-enriched patterns with positive Eu and Y anomalies) support the assumption that the Ni-Mo polymetallic layer is of submarine hydrothermal origin.High field strength elements (HFSE) and lithophile elements such as Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, Li, Be, Rb, Cs, Th and Sc are remarkably higher in the upper unit than those in the lower unit of the Niutitang Formation.These features may reflect that hydrothermal contributions were diminished, and terrigenous constituents were increased in the sediments of the upper unit of the Niutitang Formation.     

Discovery of the Early Paleozoic post-collisional granites in northern margin of the Erguna massif and its geological significance

The Luoguhe intrusion, located in Mohe County, Heilongjiang Province, is mainly composed of monzogranite, quartz diorite and granodiorite, with minor diorite, tonalite, quartz monzodiorite, quartz monzonite, syenogranite and alkali-feldspar granite. The intrusion can be divided into two iithological units, i.e. quartz diorite and monzogranite units, with affinities to high-K caic-alkaline series. The quartz diorite unit （SiO2： 54.79%-58.30%, Na2O/CaO： 0.79-1.53 and Shand index： 0.77-0.82） belongs to metaluminous rocks. And the monzogranite unit （SiO2： 65.29%-66.45%, Na2O/CaO： 1.73-3.43 and Shand index 〈1.05） can be considered as weakly peraluminous rocks. The intrusion is characterized by high REE abundance （∑REE = 180.2-344.3μg/g）, medium-strong negative Eu anomalies （δEu = 0.33-0.82）, weak REE fractionation [（La/Yb）N = 4.12-10.45], enrichments in Rb, Th, U, K, La, Ce, Nd, Hf, Zr and Sm, but strong depletions of Ba, Nb, Ta, Sr, P and Ti. These characteristics of major, REE and trace elements indicate that the intrusion was formed in a transitional tectonic setting from compressionai to extensional regime, which can be classified as post-collisional granitoids. SHRIMP U-Pb zircon analyses yield ages of 517±9 and 504±8 Ma for the quartz diorite and monzogranite units, respectively. The discovery of Early Paleozoic post-collisionai granites in the northern margin of the Erguna massif indicates that the northern branch of Paleo-Asian Ocean between Siberian plate and Erguna massif was closed in the Early Paleozoic and the Salair orogeny ended ca. 500 Ma ago.     

广西龙塘蚀变流纹岩风化过程中Ti、Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、Th的活动性研究

对广西龙塘蚀变流纹岩风化剖面中六个难溶元素的活动性进行了研究。研究结果表明 ,Ti、Nb和Ta元素在整个风化成土过程中基本上保持了它们的稳定性。Zr、Hf和Th在风化剖面上部有明显的富集 ,可能与矿物锆石与钍石在风化壳表层被腐植酸溶解后向下迁移被蒙脱石与非晶质氧化铁吸附有关。     

企鹅山群火山岩的地球化学特征和构造环境

目的研究东天山地区企鹅山群火山岩形成的构造环境。方法采用元素地球化学方法。结果东天山地区广泛分布的石炭纪企鹅山群火山岩为拉斑系列火山岩,基性火山岩稀土分配型式表现为LREE富集型,Hf/Th值为3.04~8.28,Ce/Nb值为6.09~7.4;在微量元素构造环境判别图上,基性熔岩均位于板内玄武岩区。结论东天山企鹅山群火山岩形成于大陆裂谷环境。     

Almandine megacrysts from Yingfengling Cenozoic basalt in Leizhou Peninsula and their parental magma origin

The garnet megacrysts from Yingfengling basalts are characterized by high FeO (>20%), CaO (7.02% –8.16%) and low MgO (5.88%–10.87%). Significant composition variations are observed in these megacrysts, of which Ni, V, Sc, Co, and HREE are positively correlated with their Mg^#, and Zr, Hf, Ga, Y, Sr, Nb, Zn and LREE-MREE are negatively correlated with Mg^#. Megacryst parent magma is a highly evolved residual melt with strongl depletion in Ti, Sr, Hf, Nb and HREE. This parental magma was generated by more than 60% of crystallization fractionation of clinopyroxene, garnet, plagioclase and ilmenite from quartz tholeiitic magma. It has not erupted to the surface, but stayed at the upper mantle and formed the megacrystic cumulate. Megacrysts and their host basalt are in disequilibrium.     

应用锆石研究铀成矿流体的地球化学特征:以粤北棉花坑铀矿床为例

铀矿中锆石富集Li、P、Ti、Nb、Hf、U、Th、Ta、Y、Rare earth elements(REE)等微量元素,Th/U比值较低,在以大陆上地壳为标准化的模式图上呈现明显的重稀土富集、Ce、Y正异常和Eu负异常的特征。根据锆石/热液间微量元素的分配系数估算了成矿流体的微量元素质量分数。铀成矿流体具有富U,低Th/U比值,高稀土元素质量分数,轻、重稀土分异不明显,显著的Ce、Eu负异常和Y正异常,低Ce~(4+)/Ce~(3+)比值等特征。成矿流体主要来源于岩浆期后热液,并得到流体/岩石反应的改造,流体上升减压导致流体沸腾、气体溢出、碱性增高和还原环境,最终导致铀矿物的沉淀和铀矿床的形成。     

浙江省衢州市上方镇大理岩矿床矿物学、地球化学特征及其地质意义

衢州市上方镇位于钦杭结合带东段,是中国著名的重钙用大理岩产区,区内大理岩矿床均赋存于石炭系黄龙组碳酸盐岩地层.在野外地质调查的基础上,对上方镇大理岩矿床的碳酸盐岩进行了详细的岩相学、矿物学和地球化学研究.研究结果表明,上方大理岩矿床矿石主要为大理岩和大理岩化灰岩,具粒状变晶结构,大理岩方解石结晶较好,颗粒较大且规则,含杂质较少,大理岩化灰岩则含较多杂质,其方解石结晶较差,颗粒不规则且有溶蚀交代现象.地球化学特征显示两类碳酸盐岩化学组成相似,大离子亲石元素(Sr、Ba等)和高场强元素(Nb、Zr、U、Hf、Th等)明显富集,而Ti明显亏损.K2O/Na2O、100×MgO/Al2O3、Ga、Ba、Sr和U/Th等指标暗示碳酸盐岩原岩为沉积型碳酸盐岩,且沉积环境为受陆源碎屑物质影响较少的浅海海相沉积,显示为较强的贫氧-缺氧的还原环境特征.     

洞庭盆地第四纪气候演变的沉积物地球化学记录

对洞庭盆地安乡凹陷东南部两护村ZKC1孔上新世末—第四纪沉积物的主量、微量和稀土元素以及粒度进行了分析,进而探讨洞庭盆地第四纪气候演变。曲线协变性及相关系数表明,ZKC1孔沉积物化学蚀变指数(CIA)与Cr、Ga、V、Nb、Be、Li、Sc、Th等微量元素含量呈明显的正相关。从陆相沉积物CIA及微量元素含量与温度和湿度正相关的概念出发,结合其他资料,重塑洞庭盆地第四纪气候演变过程:早更新世为冷干→暖湿→冷干→暖湿,中更新世为冷干→暖湿→冷干—温湿→暖湿,晚更新世为寒冷→温湿→寒冷,全新世总体为温湿—暖湿。这一结论与ZKC1孔孢粉组合特征反映的气候演变过程及中国东部第四纪气候演化基本吻合,说明沉积物CIA和微量元素含量较好地记录了第四纪气候演变信息。相关性分析表明洞庭盆地沉积物粒度对CIA无明显影响;CIA与沉积物粘土含量呈弱的正相关关系,应与湿热气候条件下有更强烈的风化和更多粘土矿物形成有关。     

吕梁地区宁家湾岩体锆石 U-Pb 年代学、地球化学特征及地质意义

对呈小规模岩株状产出的宁家湾岩体进行野外地质、岩石学、岩石地球化学、锆石U-Pb同位素年代学和Hf同位素组成研究, 目的是确定其岩石成因及地球动力学意义。两件样品的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果分别为2364±6 Ma (MSWD=0.13)和2360±23 Ma (MSWD =4.0), 属古元古代岩浆活动的产物。研究结果表明, 宁家湾岩体富碱、高K和Si, 具有高FeO^T/MgO 比值和高的高场强元素(HFSE)含量, 富集Rb, Ba, Th和U等元素, 具有低的Ca和Mg含量, 明显亏损P和Ti, 具弱轻重稀土分异和强Eu负异常(δEu=0.13~0.36)的海鸥型稀土分配模式, 显示高分异I型花岗岩的特征。较高的Y/Nb值(1.2~2.8)、锆石的ε_Hf(t)均为正值(+1.6~+6.4)以及单阶段模式年龄t_DM1(Hf)和二阶段模式年龄t_DM2(Hf)分别为2449~2629 Ma和2474~2711 Ma的特点, 表明源区可能为壳幔混合。明显的Nb, P 和 Ti负异常及Ce, Nd和Zr正异常, 反映出大陆边缘弧岩浆岩的特征。结合区域地质背景, 认为宁家湾岩体很可能形成于岛弧构造环境。     

华北板块北缘中段新太古代的陆-陆碰撞事件: 来自合教S型花岗岩的证据

通过对内蒙古达茂旗合教地区具有明显构造意义的新太古代S型花岗岩的主量元素、微量元素及SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年代学的研究, 为揭示华北板块北缘新太古代末的构造环境提供了进一步的证据。合教花岗岩的主量元素特征表明它是高分异的强过铝 S 型花岗岩; 其里特曼指数 σ为0. 54 ～0. 57, 属于低钾钙碱性岩石。稀土元素总量为 243. 8 ～427. 1 μg/ g。球粒陨石标准化分配模式显示 LREE 相对富集, HREE 相对亏损; ( La/ Yb)_N为 14. 88～18. 18, Eu 具有较大的负异常( Eu*/ Eu = 0. 31 ～0. 65); 模式图总体呈一右倾的海鸥型。微量元素显示Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, Ti 等高场强元素相对亏损。合教花岗岩的微量元素组成表明其来源于正常厚度的大陆地壳, 形成于低压高温的后碰撞环境, 相当于澳大利亚拉克伦造山带的S型花岗岩。合教花岗岩的SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄为2556±8Ma, 属于新太古代晚期。合教强过铝 S型花岗岩反映在新太古代晚期华北板块北缘中段可能发生了一次陆-陆碰撞事件, 也表明固阳地区同时期的赞岐岩可能形成于后碰撞环境而非板片消减带。     

The evidence of Sm-Nd isochron age for the early Paleozoic ophiolite in Mangya area, Altun Mountains

The REE patterns of the basic volcanic rocks in Mangya area, Altun, are slight rich in LREE with (La/Ya)-N=1.69-3.20, (La/Sm)-N=1.37-1.87, other trace element ratios of the rocks are Th/Ta≈1 (for a few samples greater than 1.5), Nb/Y=0.34-0.62, Ti/Y=310-443 (on the average: 381), Ti/V=37-62, Zr/Nb=9.4-12.4, Sr/Rb=12-80 (on the average: 37), and Nb/Th=7.7-16.8. These features are similar to that of E-MORE or OIB. The ε Nd(t) value, being 3.95- 4.12, shows that the source of the volcanic rocks is derived from depleted asthenosphere mantle mixed with materials from enriched mantle. These, together with the information of geological setting and rock assemblages, indicate that the basic volcanic rocks are of ophiolite. The Sm-Nd isotope ages for the eight basic volcanic rock samples construct a straight line with good correlation, and the calculated isochron age is (481.3±53) Ma. Besides, the eight calculated ε Nd(t) and model ages are close to each other, which suggests that they are homologous, so the isochron is not a mixed line. In the meantime, the isochron age ((481.3±53) Ma) is lower than the model ages (T DM=1 004-1 534 Ma) of the samples, suggeting that the isochron age represents the formation age of the basic volcanic rocks and the ophiolite belt in Mangya area, Altun is formed in the early Paleozoic (Cambrian-Ordovician). In spite of the greater uncertainty of the age, it is still reliable because it is consistent with the age constrained by the regional strata.     

Caledonian reworking of Paleoproterozoic basement in the Cathaysia Block: Constraints from zircon U-Pb dating,Hf isotopes and trace elements

A combined study of zircon U-Pb dating, Hf isotopes and trace elements has been carried out for granodioritic neosomes of migmatites from the Tianjingping area in northwestern Fujian Province. Zircons are characterized by zoning, higher Th/U ratios （mostly≥0.1）, HREE enrichment, and positive Ce and negative Eu anomalies, and show features similar to magmatic or anatectic zircons. Apparent ^206Pb/^238U ages for the zircons are 447±2 Ma （95 % conf., MSWD=0.88）, corresponding to a Caledonian event. εHf（t） values are -13.3 to -9.7, indicating a crustal source. Two-stage Hf model ages are 1.7 to 1.9 Ga, suggesting that protolith of the migmates was probably formed in the Paleoproterozoic. The granodioritic neosomes have the characteristics of peraluminous calc-alkaline granite, and their REE patterns and trace elements spidergrams show features of middle to upper crustal rocks. Together with previous studies, we conclude that the protolith of the Cathaysia basement in the Tianjingping area was likely formed in the middle-late Paleoproterozoic and experienced partial melting during the Caledonian period. The recognition of Caledonian reworking of the Paleoproterozoic basement in the Cathaysia Block provides a new insight into the tectonic evolution of the Cathaysia Block in the Caledonian period and the interaction between the Cathaysia Block and the Yangtze Block.     

Differentiation and accumulation of fluids in A-type granites: Evidence from accessory mineral study

The Laoshan A-type granite is a highly evolved granite body. The study on accessory minerals indicates that there exist differentiation and accumulation of fluids during the late stage of evolution of the granite. The released fluids are rich in rare-earth elements (REE), high-fieldstrength elements (HFSE, such as Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, Th, U, and Y) and volatiles (F, P, CO₂, etc.). Owing to the presence of fluid, accessory mineral assemblages have changed during the evolution of A-type granite, and are especially characterized by large amounts of independent REE-Nb-Y-Th minerals present in the late facies. Late-accumulation of fluids may be of the general feature of A-type granites, at least of highly evolved ones.     

Paleoproterozoic reworking of ancient crust in the Cathaysia Block, South China: Evidence from zircon trace elements, U-Pb and Lu-Hf isotopes

A combined study of zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating, trace elements and Hf isotope was carried out for gneissic granite from the Sanzhishu area in Jingning, SW Zhejiang Province. Nearly all the zircons separated from the granite exhibited oscillatory zoning and high Th/U ratios (>0.1). The REE profile showed a pronounced positive Ce anomaly, negative Eu anomaly and an enrichment of HREE, which are typical characteristics of magmatic zircon. Thirteen concordant or nearly concordant analytical data yielded a weighted mean ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb age of 1860±13 Ma (MSWD=0.084), representing the formation age of the granite. The magmatic zircons had negative εHf(t) values of −15.6 to −10.0 and two-stage Hf model ages of 3.1 to 3.4 Ga, indicating that the granites were formed by reworking of ancient crust. The major- and trace-element data indicate that the gneissic granites are metaluminous high-K calc-alkaline rocks and exhibit the same geochemical characteristics as aluminous A-type granites, implying the emplacement of the granite in a post-orogenic extensional tectonic setting. We conclude that the Paleoproterozoic crustal reworking event in the Cathaysia Block of South China marked the transition from assembly to break-up of the Columbia supercontinent. Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40873004), Special Funds for National Scientific Research of Commonweal Industries, the Ministry of Land and Resources of China (Grant No. 2008110015), Opening Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Northwest University (Grant No. 06LCD12) and the Project of Land and Resources Bureau of Zhejiang Province (Grant No. 2004005)     

扬子地块南缘元古代浊积岩源区风化特征和源岩性质的沉积地球化学记录

对扬子地台南缘元古代浊积岩的常量元素和微量元素地球化学研究表明，源区遭受了中等程度的风化作用影响，这种影响记录在碱金属和碱土金属元素的丰度与分布型式、蚀变化学指数(CIA)以及Th／U比值等方面。稀土元素的组成和配分型式、Th／Sc和La／Sc比值以及其他常量和微量元素之间的关系表明，沉积岩不具备成熟的再旋回沉积物的特征，其源岩主要为由酸性岩浆岩等长英质组分构成的古老上地壳，源岩曾受到了显著的壳内分异作用的影响。中元古界冷家溪群地层的源岩较新元古界板溪群合有较高的Co，Cr，Ni，Sc，V等基性组分，且基性的铁镁质成分主要反映在粘土级组分的沉积记录中。     

Variation of Zr/Rb ratios on the Loess Plateau of Central China during the last 130000 years and its implications for winter monsoon

To find a new index of winter monsoon without effects of chemical weathering and pedogenesis is an important task in loess research. Chemical analysis of five grain size fractions (i.e. >32 μm, 32–20 μm, 20–8 μm, 8–2 μm and <2 μm) show that Zr is enriched in coarser grain size, while Rb is concentrated in finer fractions. An excellent correlation occurs between Zr/Rb ratios and mean grain size in loess units (L₁LL₁ and L₁LL₂) from Huanxian and Xifeng sections, reflecting that Zr/Rb ratios increase when grain size is coarser. Due to immobility of the two elements during the postdepositional process, Zr/Rb ratios can eliminate the effect of weathering and pedogenesis and serve as an excellent proxy on winter monsoon variation. The Zr/Rb ratio curves of the Huanxian, Xifeng and Luochuan sections during the last 130000 years show that the winter monsoon strength was very weak during MIS 3, which corresponded to the intensity during MIS 5.