Observations of kinetic Alfvén waves by THEMIS near a substorm onset

Low frequency electromagnetic fluctuations in the vicinity of a magnetospheric substorm onset were investigated using simultaneous observations by THEMIS multiple probes in the near-Earth plasma sheet in the magnetotail.The observations indicate that in the vicinity of a substorm onset,kinetic Alfvén waves can be excited in the high-βplasma sheet(β=2μ0nT/B 2 ,the ratio of plasma thermal pressure to magnetic pressure)within the near-Earth magnetotail.The kinetic Alfvén wave has a small spatial scale in the high-βplasma.The parallel electric field accompanying kinetic Alfvén waves accelerates the charged particles along the magnetic field.The kinetic Alfvén waves play an important role in the substorm trigger process,and possibly in the formation of a substorm current wedge.     

Spatial measurement on the evidence of ionospheric Alfvén resonator

Using the data of ULF/ELF electric and magnetic wave field measured on board AUREOL-3 satellite, by the high resolution spectral analyses, one obtained for the first time the spatial measurement on the evidence of ionospheric alfvén resonator. The result of the measurement indicates that there are 7. 8 Hz for fundamental frequency, 14 Hz for second resonant frequency in the electric field component, and also the spectral resonance structure, but not in the magnetic vertical component for the magnetic field components.     

In situ AFM observation of BSA adsorption on HOPG with nanobubble

Nanobubbles have been proven existent at the liquid/solid interface, and become a focus of research on varied interfacial processes. In the present work, by observing in situ with atomic force microscope (AFM), we found that nanobubbles could influence the adsorption process of bovine serum albumin (BSA) on hydrophobic surface of highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG). BSA could adsorb evenly, and coexist with nanobubbles at water/HOPG interface. After removing nanobubbles by injecting ethanol, some hollows were found in the BSA layers at the same positions of nanobubbles existing previously. These hollows were about 8 nm in depth and dozens of nanometers in diameter. The correlation coefficient between the areas of nanobubbles and that of the corresponding hollows reached 0.88―0.94, which strongly supported the assumption that the hollows were indeed caused by the nanobubbles. Moreover, the BSA molecules formed rings around the nanobubbles, suggesting the preference of BSA adsorption onto the contact line at water/HOPG interface.     

Saturation level of Alfvén waves driven by Kelvin–Helmholtz instability

Alfve′n waves(AWs) can play an important role in the macroscopic dynamics as well as in the microscopic wave–particle interaction in various magnetoplasma environments. A very wide observed range of the relative amplitude of magnetic fluctuations of AWs from lower than 10-3in the terrestrial magnetosphere up to *1in the solar wind implies the complexity of saturation mechanisms of AWs. Taking account of the ion-neutral collision damping in a partially ionized plasma, the saturation level of AWs driven by the Kelvin–Helmholtz(K–H) instability is investigated in this paper. The intensified magnetic field due to the excited AWs may result in the saturation of the excited AWs when the growth rate is balanced by the damping rate. An equation determining the saturation level of the AWs is obtained. The results show that, for a fixed-frequency wave, the saturation level of the AWs considerably increases as the ionization degree increases as well as the sheared-flow velocity. On the other hand, for a fixed ionization degree the saturation level of the AWs slightly increases as the plasma b increases but decreases as the wave frequency increases. These results have potential importance for us to estimate the saturation level of AWs in space and astrophysical plasmas.     

In situ U-Pb dating of xenotime by laser ablation （LA）-ICP-MS

Xenotime is an ideal mineral for U-Th-Pb isotopic dating because of its relatively high U and Th contents, but typically low concentration of common Pb. These characteristics, and the fact that it is widespread throughout various types of rocks, suggest that the U-Th-Pb dating of xenotime has broad applications. Studies of U-Pb dating on xenotime by ion microprobe (such as SHRIMP) have increased in recent years, whereas studies by laser ablation (LA)-ICP-MS are still rare. In this study, we developed a technique for U-Pb dating of xenotime using the 193 nm ArF laser-ablation system and Agilent 7500a Q-ICP-MS. To evaluate the reliability of our method, a xenotime standard, BS-1, was analyzed and calibrated against another xenotime standard, MG-1. The weighted mean 206 Pb/ 238 U ages of 510.1 ± 5.2 Ma (2 n = 21), 509.8 ± 4.3 Ma (2 n = 21) and 510.0 ± 4.6 Ma (2 n = 21) were obtained using beam diameters of 16, 24 and 32 m, respectively. These ages are identical to those determined by ID-TIMS method (weighted mean 206 Pb/ 238 U age of 508.8 ± 1.4 Ma), which supports the reliability of our LA-ICP-MS method. We also analyzed xenotimes in leucogranites from South Tibet and granites from Xihuashan in southern China, and obtained accurate and precise ages. Nevertheless, we observed systematic differences in Pb/U fractionation among xenotime, monazite and zircon. The matrix-effect resulted in either under-correction or over-correction of fractionation, and thus led to inaccurate ages. Thus, a matrix-matched material is required for U-Pb dating of xenotime by LA-ICP-MS.     

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1898年4月,美国与西班牙之间发生争夺殖民地的战争。美国总统麦金莱意识到,美军若想取得胜利必须马上与反抗西班牙的古巴将军加西亚取得联系。加西亚隐蔽在古巴辽阔的崇山峻岭中,没有人知道确切的地点,这是一个困难得近乎无法完成的任务。有人向总统推荐了罗文。罗文拿到信后放     

In situ localization of proteinase inhibitor mRNA in rice plant challenged by brown planthopper

Proteinase inhibitor (PI) mRNA was localized by in situ hybridization in tissue sections of root, stem and leaf of the resistant rice (B5) plant fed by brown planthopper nymphs. In the rice material without BPH feeding, PI gene was expressed in the root, stem and leaf, while the abundance of PI mRNA was low. In the rice material fed by BPH,PI gene was expressed substantially in the parenchyma of rice stem and leaf, but weakly in the root. The results indicated that the PI gene was up-regulated in the rice plant challenged by brown planthopper. For the first time, we reported the expression changes of proteinase inhibitor gene in plant which was infested by a piercing/sucking insect.     

The Modulation of Ionospheric Alfvén Resonator on Heating HF Waves and the Doppler Effect

0　IntroductionIthasbeenwellknownthattheformationofIonosphericAlfv啨ｎＲｅｓｏｎａｔｏｒ(IAR)isforthebreakdownofgeometricop tics.ItscentralregionliesneartheheightofF regionelectrondensitypeak .Andatthetypicalheightof 30 0 0kmexiststhemaximumgradientofAlfv啨ｎｖｅｌｏｃｉｔｙ ,whichleadstothereflec tionofshearAlfv啨ｎｗａｖｅｓａｎｄｐｒｏｄｕｃｅｓｔｈｅｕｐｐｅｒｂｏｕｎｄａｒｙｏｆｔｈｅｒｅｓｏｎａｔｏｒ.Likewise,thelowerboundaryoftheresonatorformsneartheheightof 2 0 0 30 0km .Thus,she…     

Fruit bats as a natural reservoir of zoonotic viruses

As a natural reservoir of manifold zoonotic viruses, fruit bats have been involved in at least three emerging zoonoses in recent years. This paper aims to introduce the epidemiological characteristics of these diseases emerged in the Australasian region between 1994 and 1999,transmission pathways of the newly discovered viruses and the relationship between the changed entironment of fruit bats and occurrences of these emerging diseases and provide a clue for the epidemiological investigations of SARS.     

Rapid detection of chromosome 18 aneuploidies in amniocytes by using primed in situ labeling （PRINS） technique

This paper presents a feasible method for rapid detection of the interphase nuclei of uncultured amniocytes for chromosomes 18 by using our modified in situ labeling (PRINS) technique.A total of 262 independent,uncultured amniotic fluid samples were analysed in a blind fashion before the karyotype was available.In addition,62 samples were examined by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for comparison.In more than 95% of the samples PRINS reactions with primer 18cen were successfully induced.Two samples were properly identified and correctly scored as trisomic 18.PRINS reaction could be performed automatically in less than one hour with a propgrammable thernocycler.Our studies showed that the PRINS technique is simple.rapid and cost-effective.It is as sensitive and specific as FISH;can enhance the eccuracy of standard cytogenetic analysis;and allows identification of chromosomes 18 aneuploidies in uncultrued amniocytes in significantly less time.     

In situ synthesis of Fe-based alloy clad coatings containing TiB_2–TiN –(h-BN)

Fe-based alloy coatings containing TiB2–TiN –(h-BN) were synthesized in situ on Q235 steel substrates by a plasma cladding process using the powders of Fe901 alloy, Ti, and h-BN as raw materials. The effects of Ti/h-BN mass ratio on interfacial bonds between the coating and substrate along with the microstructures and microhardnesses of the coatings were investigated. The results show that the Ti/h-BN mass ratio is a vital factor in the formation of the coatings. Free h-BN can be introduced into the coatings by adding an excess amount of h-BN into the precursor. Decreases in the Ti/h-BN mass ratio improve the microstructural uniformity and compactness and enhance the interfacial bonds of the coatings. At a Ti/h-BN mass ratio of 10/20, the coating is free of cracks and micropores, and mainly consists of Fe-Cr, Fe3B, TiB2, TiN, Ti2N, TiB, FeN, FeB, Fe2B, and h-BN phases. Its average microhardness in the zone between 0.1–2.8 mm from the coating surface is about Hv0.2 551.5.     

Spectral Analysis of Blood Pressure Variability as a Quantitative Indicator of Driving Fatigue

The quantitative detector of driver fatigue presents appropriate warnings and helps to prevent traffic accidents. The aim of this study was to quantifiably evaluate driver mental fatigue using the power spectral analysis of the blood pressure variability (BPV) and subjective evaluation. In this experiment twenty healthy male subjects were required to perform a driving simulator task for 3-hours. The physiological variables for evaluating driver mental fatigue were spectral values of blood pressure variability (BPV) including very low frequency (VLF), low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF). As a result, LF, HF and LF/HF showed high correlations with driver mental fatigue but not found in VLF. The findings represent a possible utility of BPV spectral analysis in quantitatively evaluating driver mental fatigue.     

In situ reaction mechanism of MgAlON in Al-Al2O3-MgO composites at 1700℃ under flowing N2

The Al-Al2O3-MgO composites with added aluminum contents of approximately 0wt％,5wt％,and 10wt％,named as M1,M2,and M3,respectively,were prepared at 1700℃ for 5 h under a flowing N2 atmosphere using the reaction sintering method.After sintering,the Al-Al2O3-MgO composites were characterized and analyzed by X-ray diffraction,scanning electron microscopy,and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.The results show that specimen M1 was composed of MgO and MgAl2O4.Compared with specimen M1,specimens M2 and M3 possessed MgAlON,and its production increased with increasing aluminum addition.Under an N2 atmosphere,MgO,Al2O3,and Al in the matrix of specimens M2 and M3 reacted to form MgAlON and AlN-polytypoids,which combined the particles and the matrix together and imparted the Al-Al2O3-MgO composites with a dense structure.The mechanism of MgAlON synthesis is described as follows.Under an N2 atmosphere,the partial pressure of oxygen is quite low;thus,when the Al-Al2O3-MgO com-posites were soaked at 580℃ for an extended period,aluminum metal was transformed into AlN.With increasing temperature,Al2O3 diffused into AlN crystal lattices and formed AlN-polytypoids;however,MgO reacted with Al2O3 to form MgAl2O4.When the temperature was greater than (1640 ± 10)℃,AlN diffused into Al2O3 and formed spinel-structured AlON.In situ MgAlON was acquired through a solid-solution reaction between AlON and MgAl2O4 at high temperatures because of their similar spinel structures.     

Synthesis of layered LiMnO2 by in situ oxidationintercalation and a study of the reaction mechanism and electrochemical performance

Lithium-ion batteries have become the main candi-date for rechargeable power sources in current electronicproducts because of their high open circuit voltage, highenergy density, longevity and absence of memory effect.Layered LiCoO2 has been used commerci…     

N-phenylmaleimide as a New Ploymerizable Additive for Overcharge Protection of Lithium-ion Batteries

1 Results In persuit of better safety controls of lithium batteries,much efforts has been focused on the development of the internal and self-actuating overcharge protection additives.We report a novel electropolymerizable electrolyte additive for overcharge protection of lithium batteries. Electrochemical properties and overcharge behavior of NPM as a new polymerizable electrolyte additive for overcharge protection of lithium ion batteries are studied by cyclic voltammetry,charge-discharge measurements,electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and SEM characterization of the electrode of the overcharged batteries[1-2].The results show that NPM can electrochemically polymerize at the overcharge potential of 3.8-4.2 V (vs.Li/Li ) to form a thin layer of polymer film on the surface of the cathode,resulting in an internal short-circuit to prevent from the battery voltage runaway.On the other hand,it is also found that the use of NPM as an overcharge protection electrolyte additive does not significantly influence the normal performances of lithium ion batteries.     

In situ observation of C60（C（COOH）2）2 interacting with living cells using fluorescence microscopy

1 Introduction In recent years, studies on biological effects of thenanoscale materials have become the cornerstone of rapidly developed nanomedical and nanobiological technologies. Moreover, studies on the bio-effects when the different kinds of nanoscal…     

TiO2/Polyester Non-woven Fabrics as a Kind of Photocatalyst for the Degradation of Formaldehyde Gas

The feasibility of photocatalytic degradation of the formaldehyde gas by titanium dioxide （TiO2）/polyester non-woven fabrics was studied. Tbe effects of parameters such as tbe concentration of TiO2 solution, pH value, and drying temperature on the photocatalytic degradation of the formaldehyde gas were also studied. The results showed that the photodegradation efficiency of the formaldehyde gas increased rapidly with the increasing of the concentration of TiO2 solution up to 15g/L, but when the concentration was in excess of 15g/L, the photodegradation efficiency decreased gradually and fluctuated due to light obstruction and disperse state of TiO2. Adjusting the pH value in the solution, the efficiency of photocatalytic degradation of the formaldehyde gas could be improved. The mechanisms of the reaction and the role of the additives were also investigated. After 42hours, TiO2/ polyester non-woven fabric showed no significant loss of the photocatalytic activity.     

Primary study of a novel Tc-tricarbonyl cocaine analogue as the potential DAT imaging agent

The convenient preparation of organometallic precursor fac-[99mTc(CO)3 (H2O)3] opens a new route to design new radiopharmaceuticals. Based on this precursor, a new cocaine analogue, Tropyn, is designed and synthesized,and “2 1” mixed-ligands approach is used to prepare a neutral complex [^99mTc(CO)3(Tropyn)I]. Biodistribution in mice and rats proves that it has sufficient brain uptake. Rat regional brain biodistribntion indicates that the complex is highly concentrated in the striatum (ST) with rapid clearance in the cortex (CT) and hippocampus (HP), which make it valuable for further investigation as the potential Second-Generation DAT imaging agent.     

In situ Re-Os isotope ages of sulfides in Hannuoba peridotitic xenoliths： Significance for the frequently-occurring mantle events beneath the North China Block

In situ Re-Os isotopes of sulfides in peridotitic xenoliths from Cenozoic Hannuoba basalts were analyzed by LAM-MC-ICPMS. The suifides developed two types of occurrences including silicate-enclosed and interstitial. In the enclosed sulfides, 187Os/188Os vary from 0.1124 to 0.1362 and 187Re/188Os from 0.0026 to 1.8027. In the interstitial ones, 187Os/188Os have a range from 0.1174 to 0.1354 and 187Re/188Os from 0.0365 to 1.4469. The oldest age, calculated by TRD for the enclosed sulfides, is 2.1 Ga. An isochron age of 2.3±1.2 Ga is obtained by five grains of enclosed sulfides and primitive mantle. The sulfides used have lower Re-Os isotopic ratio than primitive mantle. Meanwhile, an isochron age of 645±225 Ma is given by all in- terstitial sulfides and the enclosed sulfides with higher Re-Os isotopic ratio due to Re addition after man- tle formation. In addition, the model age of 1.3 Ga recorded by one interstitial sulfide, having similar TDM and TRD, should be meaningful to deep thermal event. The coexistence of different ages, revealed by in situ Re-Os isotope, indicates frequently-occurring mantle events beneath Hannuoba area.