粗糙表面液滴表观形态研究

液滴在粗糙表面的表观形态及影响其润湿性转变的因素是十分复杂的．一般来说,液滴在表面的接触形态是其表面润湿特性的直接反映．近来,通过对蒸汽凝结条件下超疏水表面液滴形态的研究,进一步加深了人们对粗糙表面润湿特性的理解．人们通过对不同条件下微结构粗糙表面润湿特性的研究,证实了除Cassie和Wenzel模型外,尚有第3类液滴表观状态的存在．我们对实验数据分析发现,粗糙表面的润湿性可以由液滴在投影面上与固,液／气三相接触的面积比来衡量,提出了一种新的液滴表观接触角的通用计算模型,并对比文献数据,证实了其对表观接触角的预测．     

浸泡法快速制备超疏水黄铜表面

采用化学蚀刻和溶液浸泡相结合的方法制备具有超疏水性的黄铜表面.按比例配置HCl、HNO3和HF的混合溶液蚀刻黄铜,蚀刻后用硬脂酸溶液进行修饰以获得接触角大于150°的表面.通过扫描电镜对表面结构的观察以及能谱分析,发现蚀刻后的表面具有片状和微小乳突组成的微/纳二级结构,修饰后的这些结构可以捕获大量空气.根据Cassie模式的计算方程,水滴与空气的接触面积约占总接触面积的94.11%.实验研究了不同蚀刻时间对试件表面润湿性的影响,理论分析微结构的形成机理.发现最佳制备条件为：蚀刻时间5 min,浸泡时间1 h,此条件下制备的试件的接触角达到164.5°.
     

仿生制备氧化锌纳米棒阵列超疏水表面

通过模仿荷叶表面微观结构和表面化学成分的方法,以玻璃为基底在溶液中生长ZnO纳米棒并经表面低自由能化修饰,从而成功制备了ZnO纳米棒阵列超疏水表面.经接触角测量仪表征,该超疏水表面静态水接触角为156°,扫描电镜分析表明所制备的ZnO纳米棒均具有100 nm左右的直径,这种微纳米的复合结构是赋予材料表面超疏水性能的主要因素.最后采用Cassie模型对该超疏水表面的超疏水性能进行了理论分析.     

分形特征表面接触磨损模拟

为实现粗糙表面微观接触磨损的精确预测,根据分形理论对传统的只考虑弹性-塑性两状态的二维分形接触模型进行了修正,并构建了包含弹性-弹塑性-塑性完全状态的三维粗糙表面分形接触模型.通过去除塑性接触微凸体在截断平面作用下形成的球台方法来模拟微观磨损,磨损系数由被去除的球台体积与总接触微凸体体积之比来表征,采用数值仿真分析了磨损系数与分形参数、载荷和材料等因素间的依赖关系.计算结果表明,磨损系数随表面粗糙程度的增大而增大,随接触载荷的增大而减小并趋于相对稳定.接触副材料属性决定了微凸体临界接触面积,进而影响了磨损系数.该模型给出了微观磨损机理的数学描述,为界面接触磨损研究提供了新思路.     

新的柔性结合部法向接触刚度和接触阻尼方程

以修正分形几何学理论和赫兹法向接触力学方程为基础,推导出了柔性结合部法向接触刚度与阻尼方程。假设峰元顶端的曲率半径为变量,提出了一种全新的求导函数而非偏导函数的求解方法,建立了单峰元与平面接触的法向接触刚度方程。数值模拟表明:峰元承担的法向弹性载荷与其顶端的变形量之间符合非线性幂函数凹弧关系;降低表面粗糙度或增加法向接触载荷都将增大实际接触面积;当表面粗糙轮廓分形维数在较小范围内时,实际接触面积随着表面粗糙轮廓分形维数的增加而增大,而当表面粗糙轮廓分形维数在较大范围内时,实际接触面积随着表面粗糙轮廓分形维数的增加而变小;降低表面粗糙度或增加表面粗糙轮廓分形维数与法向接触载荷皆将增加法向接触刚度;法向接触阻尼随着表面粗糙轮廓分形维数的增加先减小后增大;当表面粗糙轮廓分形维数小于临界值时,法向接触阻尼随着分形粗糙度的增大而增大,而当表面粗糙轮廓分形维数超过转折点时,法向接触阻尼随着分形粗糙度的增大而减小;当法向接触载荷增大时,法向接触阻尼略微减小。     

结合面法向动态参数的分形模型

为了对结合面法向动态参数进行正确的理论计算,以分形接触理论为基础,建立了结合面法向动态参数的理论分形模型,揭示了接触刚度和接触阻尼与作用在粗糙表面上的法向载荷、粗糙表面材料性能常数,以及分形参数等因素之间的复杂关系,并对该模型进行了数值仿真.仿真结果表明:结合面的实际接触面积仅占名义接触面积的一小部分,降低表面粗糙度或增加法向载荷都将增大实际接触面积;接触刚度和接触阻尼与分形参数之间具有较强的非线性关系,而法向栽荷对接触刚度的影响较为明显,当栽荷增加时,刚度值也随之增大,但对接触阻尼的影响可以忽略.     

氧化还原法刻蚀制备铜基超疏水表面

通过三氯化铁和铜的氧化还原反应,在铜基材料上制备了具有一定粗糙度的微结构表面。该表面使用月桂酸进行表面处理后,表现出优异的超疏水性能。水在该表面上的接触角可达161.6°。表面微结构和超疏水性能受刻蚀时间的影响较大。随着刻蚀时间的增加,表面上的微粗糙结构开始逐渐形成并增大,此过程对应的水的接触角不断增加,到一定程度后,逐渐趋于稳定。进一步考察了刻蚀剂的浓度、修饰剂的种类、浓度和时间等条件对于该表面超疏水性能的影响。结果表明,反应和修饰条件对铜表面的表面润湿性能具有明显的影响。     

仿鲨鱼皮微沟槽结构疏水机理实验研究

从理论分析和实验测量两个方面对鲨鱼皮微沟槽结构的疏水性进行了研究.首先,利用扫描电子显微镜和表面轮廓仪对鲨鱼皮的微观结构进行研究,并结合基本的疏水理论,建立了Cassie修正模型,Cassie修正模型从理论上揭示了鲨鱼皮微沟槽结构的疏水机理.其次,采用对比实验,利用液滴形状测量仪分别对真空浇铸法制备的硅橡胶仿鲨鱼皮表面和光滑硅橡胶表面的接触角进行了测量.研究发现,硅橡胶仿鲨鱼皮表面具有明显的疏水性,同时,仿鲨鱼皮表面接触角的实际测量值与Cassie修正模型计算的理论值之间的误差仅为3.1%,也证明了所提出的Cassie修正模型的正确性和有效性.     

电化学沉积法制备超疏水镍薄膜

通过电镀方法在铜基体表面制备出了粗糙镍表面,SEM照片显示镍层呈现纳米针状结构,接触角测试表明水在其表面接触角约为112°,调节电镀时间,增大纳米针尺寸并不能实现超疏水性.在针状镍表面继续施加化学镀,对微结构进行修饰,SEM照片显示当化学镀达到1min时,纳米针尖被球冠状结构所代替,水在表面接触角增至152.3°,这表明镍表面成功地从疏水性转变成了超疏水性.     

应用改进分形几何理论的结合部切向刚度模型

针对现有分形接触理论对2个机械部件粗糙表面相互接触形成的结合部的切向接触刚度分形模型存在违反赫兹法向接触力学的缺陷,以改进分形几何理论为基础、在严格应用赫兹法向接触力学的基础上,推导出结合部总切向接触静弹性条件刚度、总条件法向载荷的分析解。数值仿真表明:结合部的切向接触静弹性刚度随着总法向载荷的增加基本上呈线性增加的态势,随着表面轮廓分形维数的增加而增大,随着分形粗糙度的减小而增大;在恒定法向载荷作用下,最初作用于结合部的切向载荷使得切向接触静弹性刚度最大,该刚度随着切向载荷的增加而减小,随着静摩擦系数的增加而增大;随着法向载荷的增加,法向接触静弹性刚度的增量加大。该结果可为进一步研究粗糙表面的分形特性提供参考。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that