Fusion of bone-marrow-derived cells with Purkinje neurons, cardiomyocytes and hepatocytes

Recent studies have suggested that bone marrow cells possess a broad differentiation potential, being able to form new liver cells, cardiomyocytes and neurons. Several groups have attributed this apparent plasticity to 'transdifferentiation'. Others, however, have suggested that cell fusion could explain these results. Using a simple method based on Cre/lox recombination to detect cell fusion events, we demonstrate that bone-marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) fuse spontaneously with neural progenitors in vitro. Furthermore, bone marrow transplantation demonstrates that BMDCs fuse in vivo with hepatocytes in liver, Purkinje neurons in the brain and cardiac muscle in the heart, resulting in the formation of multinucleated cells. No evidence of transdifferentiation without fusion was observed in these tissues. These observations provide the first in vivo evidence for cell fusion of BMDCs with neurons and cardiomyocytes, raising the possibility that cell fusion may contribute to the development or maintenance of these key cell types.     

基于主成分分析的并行特征融合JPEG隐写检测

针对目前JPEG隐写检测方法的特征选取缺乏理论依据,特征冗余度高的问题,提出一种基于主成分分析进行并行特征融合的JPEG隐写分析方法.首先分析所选特征之间的互补性,然后用主成分分析进行特征变换,去除冗余信息,最后将特征并行融合.实验结果表明,和串行特征融合相比,本文方法具有更高的JPEG隐写图像检测率和更快的分类速度.     

基于HRTF和主成分分析的声源定位研究

传统双麦克风阵列在进行声源定位时有误差大、范围小,易产生前后镜像声源的混淆等缺点,而人的双耳却可以较准确地判断三维空间的声源方向.根据双耳定位原理,本文提出了一种基于HRTF和主成分分析的声源定位方法.利用具有双耳特性的双麦克风接收声信号,采用相关法辨识不同方位双耳特性差异并和HRTF数据库计算得到的真实值比较完成声源定位.仿真实验证明,提出的方法能有效进行三维空间的声源定位,突破了传统双麦克风的声源定位限制,引入主成分分析节省了定位所用数据的存储空间,为方案的实时实现提供了依据.     

The menthol receptor TRPM8 is the principal detector of environmental cold

Sensory nerve fibres can detect changes in temperature over a remarkably wide range, a process that has been proposed to involve direct activation of thermosensitive excitatory transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels. One such channel--TRP melastatin 8 (TRPM8) or cold and menthol receptor 1 (CMR1)--is activated by chemical cooling agents (such as menthol) or when ambient temperatures drop below approximately 26 degrees C, suggesting that it mediates the detection of cold thermal stimuli by primary afferent sensory neurons. However, some studies have questioned the contribution of TRPM8 to cold detection or proposed that other excitatory or inhibitory channels are more critical to this sensory modality in vivo. Here we show that cultured sensory neurons and intact sensory nerve fibres from TRPM8-deficient mice exhibit profoundly diminished responses to cold. These animals also show clear behavioural deficits in their ability to discriminate between cold and warm surfaces, or to respond to evaporative cooling. At the same time, TRPM8 mutant mice are not completely insensitive to cold as they avoid contact with surfaces below 10 degrees C, albeit with reduced efficiency. Thus, our findings demonstrate an essential and predominant role for TRPM8 in thermosensation over a wide range of cold temperatures, validating the hypothesis that TRP channels are the principal sensors of thermal stimuli in the peripheral nervous system.     

基于IHS变换和主成分变换的遥感影像融合

针对IHS变换融合影像时存在较严重的光谱失真现象,利用主成分变换对IHS变换法进行了改进.新方法首先对多光谱影像做IHS变换得到亮度I,色度H,饱和度S三个分量,然后用I分量和高分辨率全色影像做主成分变换,并提取第一主分量,并以I为标准进行直方图匹配;将匹配后的影像与H,S进行IHS反变换得到新的多光谱图像.主观视觉分析和客观参数表明,该方法不仅很好的保留了影像的光谱信息,而且兼顾了地物细节能力的表达.     

基于多源融合的网络安全态势感知模型

为解决多阶段网络安全态势感知的多源融合与态势评估问题,建立了基于多源融合的网络安全态势感知模型。以模型为指导,利用粒子群算法实现D-S证据融合中的权值寻优,降低融合的不确定性。结合对威胁因子和威胁等级函数关系的推演,提出了面向攻击轨迹的层次化态势评估方法,实现攻击阶段、攻击轨迹和网络3个层次的威胁评估。仿真实验表明,提出的模型和方法是有效的和准确的,能够感知网络安全态势动态演化情况,为监控和管理网络提供了新的方法和手段。     

Landfill is an important atmospheric mercury emission source

Due to the special physical and chemical properties,mercury is a global pollutant which could be aeriallytransported cross the borders[1,2]. Both natural processesand human activities emit mercury to the air. The majoranthropogenic mercury emission source categories arecoal combustion, waste incineration, chlorine-alkali plant,metal smelting and refining and so on[1—3] . Human activi-ties emit not only elemental mercury (Hg0), which has along lifetime in the air, but also reactive gaseous mer…     

高分子材料在煤矿中使用的安全性分析

高分子材料在煤矿中广泛应用,给煤矿安全工作带来了隐患,是煤炭生产中的重大危险源,应引起足够重视。     

主成分回归的主成分选择准则

结合回归自变量选择的Cp准则及平均残差平方和准则，讨论了利用主成分回归时如何选择主成分可在一定程度上避免人为性，提出了两个准则，以供实际应用时参考。     

Hydrogen is an energy source for hydrothermal vent symbioses

The discovery of deep-sea hydrothermal vents in 1977 revolutionized our understanding of the energy sources that fuel primary productivity on Earth. Hydrothermal vent ecosystems are dominated by animals that live in symbiosis with chemosynthetic bacteria. So far, only two energy sources have been shown to power chemosynthetic symbioses: reduced sulphur compounds and methane. Using metagenome sequencing, single-gene fluorescence in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, shipboard incubations and in situ mass spectrometry, we show here that the symbionts of the hydrothermal vent mussel Bathymodiolus from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge use hydrogen to power primary production. In addition, we show that the symbionts of Bathymodiolus mussels from Pacific vents have hupL, the key gene for hydrogen oxidation. Furthermore, the symbionts of other vent animals such as the tubeworm Riftia pachyptila and the shrimp Rimicaris exoculata also have hupL. We propose that the ability to use hydrogen as an energy source is widespread in hydrothermal vent symbioses, particularly at sites where hydrogen is abundant.     

Exocytotic fusion is activated by Rab3a peptides.

Studies of intracellular traffic in yeast and mammalian systems have implicated members of the Rab family of small GTP-binding proteins as regulators of membrane fusion. We have used the patch clamp technique to measure exocytotic fusion events directly and investigate the role of GTP-binding proteins in regulating exocytosis in mast cells. Intracellular perfusion of mast cells with GTP-gamma S is sufficient to trigger complete exocytotic degranulation in the absence of other intracellular messengers. Here we show that GTP is a potent inhibitor of GTP-gamma S-induced degranulation, indicating that sustained activation of a GTP-binding protein is sufficient for membrane fusion. We have found that synthetic oligopeptides, corresponding to part of the effector domain of Rab3a, stimulate complete exocytotic degranulation, similar to that induced by GTP-gamma S. The response is selective for Rab3a sequence and is strictly dependent on Mg2+ and ATP. This suggests that sustained activation of a Rab3 protein causes exocytotic fusion. The peptide response can be accelerated by GDP-beta S, suggesting that Rab3a peptides compete with endogenous Rab3 proteins for a binding site on a target effector protein, which causes fusion on activation.     

论间接正犯的实行行为的着手

间接正犯是正犯的一种特殊形态,间接正犯的着手有其特殊性。间接正犯的着手应该从实行行为着手理论中的＂实际客观说＂与间接正犯实行行为的＂结合说＂一起考察,这样才能正确地认定间接正犯实行行为的着手。     

Cryptic simplicity in DNA is a major source of genetic variation

DNA regions which are composed of a single or relatively few short sequence motifs usually in tandem ('pure simple sequences') have been reported in the genomes of diverse species, and have been implicated in a range of functions including gene regulation, signals for gene conversion and recombination, and the replication of telomeres. They are thought to accumulate by DNA slippage and mispairing during replication and recombination or extension of single-strand ends. In order to systematize the range of DNA simplicity and the genetic nature of the regions that are simple, we have undertaken an extensive computer search of the DNA sequence library of the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL). We show here that nearly all possible simple motifs occur 5-10 times more frequently than equivalent random motifs. Furthermore, a new computer algorithm reveals the widespread occurrence of significantly high levels of a new type of 'cryptic simplicity' in both coding and noncoding DNA. Cryptically simple regions are biased in nucleotide composition and consist of scrambled arrangements of repetitive motifs which differ within and between species. The universal existence of DNA simplicity from monotonous arrays of single motifs to variable permutations of relatively short-lived motifs suggests that ubiquitous slippage-like mechanisms are a major source of genetic variation in all regions of the genome, not predictable by the classical mutation process.     

Local generation of glia is a major astrocyte source in postnatal cortex

Glial cells constitute nearly 50% of the cells in the human brain. Astrocytes, which make up the largest glial population, are crucial to the regulation of synaptic connectivity during postnatal development. Because defects in astrocyte generation are associated with severe neurological disorders such as brain tumours, it is important to understand how astrocytes are produced. Astrocytes reportedly arise from two sources: radial glia in the ventricular zone and progenitors in the subventricular zone, with the contribution from each region shifting with time. During the first three weeks of postnatal development, the glial cell population, which contains predominantly astrocytes, expands 6-8-fold in the rodent brain. Little is known about the mechanisms underlying this expansion. Here we show that a major source of glia in the postnatal cortex in mice is the local proliferation of differentiated astrocytes. Unlike glial progenitors in the subventricular zone, differentiated astrocytes undergo symmetric division, and their progeny integrate functionally into the existing glial network as mature astrocytes that form endfeet with blood vessels, couple electrically to neighbouring astrocytes, and take up glutamate after neuronal activity.     

主理想整环上的模的性质

主要研究主理想整环上的可除模与满足极小条件的模的结构、纯子模与基子模的性质,并且给出了基子模的一个例子.