适宜新疆栽种的绿化主要树种

树种的选择是城市街头绿化的一个重要组成部分,因为绿化的主要材料是树木,树木需要经过多年的培育生长才能达到预期的效果.树种选择恰当,树木生长健壮,则绿化效益发挥的好.如果选择失误,树木生长不良,就需要多次变更树种,城市的绿化面貌就会长时间的得不到改善,而且苗圃中的育苗情况也受到影响,既浪费时间又受到经济损失.我们应遵循的原则有:要基本切合森林植被区域自然规律,乔灌草相结合;乡土树种为主,外来树种为辅的原则;选择抗逆性强的树种;速生树种与慢生树种相结合.     

利用决策树模型的湿地提取与分类

为解决因湿地环境复杂且类型多样导致光谱混淆而难以对其自动遥感提取的问题,采用决策树模型的湿地信息提取方法,以Landsat OLI影像光谱特征和经缨帽变换后的数据为基础,结合不同类型湿地的环境特征和空间特征信息,提出先分区再分类的思想,构建决策树分类模型.对原始影像进行缨帽变换,利用变换后的湿度分量及地物的光谱特征规律,将研究区划分为水体区域、植被区域和非植被区域,然后分别对各个区域进行再分类,逐层分级,最终实现不同类型湿地的分级提取.研究结果表明:采用分区分类思想构建决策树模型,可以有效提取湿地信息,精度达87.50%.     

近15年来南京城市居住区树木结构变化研究

【目的】研究城市发展和更新改造背景下树木结构和功能变化特征及机制,为城市改造中的绿化结构优化、城市绿化管理及规划提供依据。【方法】以南京中心城区8个居住小区为案例区,基于1999年和2015年每木检尺调查数据,从树种构成、形态结构与健康状态3个层面对城市更新过程中居住区树种结构及其生长质量变化动态进行研究,并探究其影响因素。【结果】女贞作为南京特色乡土树种,在两个年份的多度排名均居榜首,而三角枫、桃树、白玉兰、泡桐等本地乡土树种数量呈现大幅下降,并退出多度前20之列; 居民偏好、环境效益、市场因素是驱动居住区主要树种构成变化的主导因素,城市更新改造一定程度上影响树木数量与种类结构; 拥挤的建成环境限制了树木的生长空间,造成平均冠幅下降14.6%。【结论】树木养护管理不利和居民行为破坏是致使近年南京城市居住区树木健康状况下滑的主要原因,建议引导调整居住区的树种配比,禁止随意修剪树木,加强城市更新地块的绿化建设。     

泉州市城市古树名木资源调查与分析(泉州市古树名木资源调查及综合复壮措施研究)

本文总结和分析了泉州城市古树名木资源的种类组成、树种来源、树龄结构、树木维量、树木主要用途特征及其生长分布环境状况 ,并提出加强保护管理的主要措施     

城市尺度上植被分类体系方案及其在上海市的运用

以城市为对象编制植被志或植被图有助于城市尺度上的植被管理与保护.我国的植被分类体系主要是以自然植被为主体构建的,且大多集中在全国尺度上或省域尺度上,不适用于城市尺度上的植被分类.并且,强人为干预下形成的植被一直未出现学界公认的分类体系,给城市植被的研究带来了诸多不便.本文基于“起源-干扰-功能”为基本原则的综合型城市植被分类体系,按照植被起源和受人为干扰程度将城市植被分为自然植被、次生植被和栽培植被.栽培植被依据其功能类型进一步划分为人工林地植被、景观绿地植被及农业植被三大类型.下级单位参照1980年《中国植被》的分类系统,并结合新近《中国植被志》编研提出的3个初步纲领性文件,进而构建城市植被分类系统,并对城市植被分类的原则和标准在上海地区进行了应用尝试,以期进一步构建一个兼具学术科学性和应用操作性的城市植被分类体系,为后续城市植被志的编撰,以及城市植被的认知、保护、建设和管理提供理论依据和技术支撑.     

基于ICESat-2/ATLAS数据结合克里格插值进行区域尺度森林LAI估测

森林叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)是探究植被与气候相互作用关系的关键参数.为更加科学、高效获取森林LAI空间格局信息，研究基于星载光子计数激光雷达ICESat-2/ATLAS数据进行大尺度森林LAI估测，以探讨星载光子数据在山地森林LAI建模中的潜力和可行性.以香格里拉市为试验区，对试验区有林地光子点云数据进行去噪、分类等预处理.随后提取各个林地光斑的特征因子属性，并结合47块森林LAI样地实测数据，分别采用逐步回归和随机森林回归模型构建了基于研究区光斑尺度的森林LAI模型.为实现研究区森林LAI的连续估测，研究对经优选的光斑特征因子进行克里格插值，形成其各自属性值的栅格图层，并利用LAI最佳模型进行研究区森林LAI的整体估测.结果表明，Landsat percent,Canopy photon rate,Minimum canopy height和Number of canopy photons等4个光斑特征因子与LAI样地实测值呈显著相关，可作为LAI的建模因子.随机森林模型对研究区LAI的预测能力优于逐步回归模型，其R²和RMSE分别为...     

伏牛山森林土壤有机碳密度与环境因子的关联性分析

【目的】建立森林土壤有机碳(SOC)密度与环境因子之间的回归关系,为快速评估森林土壤有机碳密度的空间分布提供理论参考。【方法】在河南省伏牛山区玉皇顶和鸡角尖山体上,设置21块不同海拔、树种、地形等环境因子的典型样地,测定各样地不同深度土层的SOC密度,分析SOC密度与环境因子之间的回归关系,确定预测土壤有机碳密度的一般性因子。【结果】研究区0～40 cm深度的土壤有机碳密度变化范围为8.93～14.38 kg/m²,平均值为11.52 kg/m²。树种类型、山体间的SOC密度差异不显著,同一树种SOC密度与同一山体方位、坡度等地形因子回归关系显著; 所有样地SOC密度与树木密度、凋落物厚度和叶面积指数等植被因子回归关系显著,与地形因子回归关系不显著; SOC密度与植被因子间的回归关系可解释73.3%的针叶林地SOC密度的变异,76.7%的阔叶林地SOC密度变异,以及71.8%的研究区所有林地的SOC密度变异。【结论】同一山体同一树种SOC密度,可以用方位、坡度等地形因子来描述; 同一山体不同树种或不同山体不同树种林地的SOC密度,可以用植被因子来描述; 植被因子是土壤有机碳密度预测的一般性因子,可以通过遥感等手段快速评估复杂地形内土壤有机碳的空间分布。     

芜湖赭山风景区植物游憩刻划研究

城市生态型公园是游憩量最大的一类风景区,而在城市生态型公园中户外游憩刻划对被刻划的植物影响最大,对游憩景区的环境也会造成一定程度的影响.本文对位于芜湖市中心的赭山风景区(生态型城市公园)进行了游憩刻划调查,调查了20条不同类型游憩步道上的409棵被刻划的树木,发现刻划主要集中在14个树种上,刻划的平均长度为88.5cm、宽度为27.8cm,最大刻痕的平均宽度为16.15mm、深度为2.07mm,调查区域的刻划频度为0.14棵/米;分析了刻划时间、空间上的分布特征,结果显示赭山风景区的游憩刻划程度较大,对景区内植被和环境造成了一定影响.     

高光谱图像植被类型的CART决策树分类

为提高植被分类的精度, 在利用高光谱图像提取植被信息时需要考虑训练样本和地形等其他因素的影响。以长白山为研究背景, 基于CART（Classification And Regression Tree）算法构建决策树模型, 对高光谱图像进行植被分类。由于混合像元的影响, 以采用PPI（Pixel Purity Index）提取的纯净像元作为训练样本, 提取植被指数、 纹理和地形等分类特征变量。基于这些变量构建CART决策树对植被分类, 并将结果与最大似然法分类结果进行比较。结果表明, CART决策树分类法可实现光谱、 纹理和地形特征的有效组合, 有较好的分类效果。     

基于随机森林的全波形点云数据分类研究

针对机载全波形数据,本文提出了一种基于随机森林法的点云分类算法,首先通过全波形分解获得振幅,回波次数,以及回波宽度3个特征,再结合本文中提出的特征提取方法,构建一个多维特征向量并进行特征选择,最后利用随机森林法将激光点云分为植被,地面部分以及建筑物三类.对比支持向量机分类方法,实验证明该方法具有很好的稳定性以及高效性,能够在城市区域取得很好的分类精度.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with