高温颗粒引燃转炉煤气的实验研究

为分析转炉煤气显热回收过程中被高温颗粒引燃危险性,自行设计了激光辐射加热氧化铁颗粒引燃转炉煤气实验平台.以转炉煤气/空气混合物压力及温度变化为引燃判据,研究不同初始温度及粒径颗粒引燃混合物的规律.结果表明,转炉煤气/空气混合物存在引燃敏感浓度,当受辐射颗粒粒径相同、初始温度为100℃时混合物敏感浓度比35℃时上升了5%;初始温度为35,100,200℃时,粒径1.5 mm的颗粒引燃温度比0.5 mm的分别下降137.6,145及134.5℃;颗粒粒径为0.5,1.0及1.5 mm时,初始温度为200℃时的引燃温度比35℃时分别下降了19.8,11.6及16.7℃.研究结果对高温转炉煤气进入换热器前设置除尘粒径限制具有参考意义.     

电视中的“仙境”是如何营造的

<正>电视剧《西游记》中孙悟空大闹天宫,整个天宫云雾缭绕,这样的效果是如何营造的?我们常常在影视剧、舞台演出中看到这样的现象,人物从云雾中缓缓走出,亦真亦幻。这里的大功臣当属干冰!干冰其实不是冰,而是固态的二氧化碳。在室温下,干冰会迅速变成气态,凶为由固态变为气态需要吸收大量的热量,周围空气的温度就会瞬间降低,空气中的水蒸气就会凝结成雾,形成梦幻般的仙境了!干冰的作用还有很多,首先,它可以用于人工降雨,能使云团所含的水汽凝结     

空气源跨临界CO_2热泵最优排气压力的理论和实验

为了研究空气源跨临界CO2热泵系统中影响最优排气压力的主要因素,以跨临界CO2热泵机组为平台,在焓差室中进行了制热性能测试。结果表明,系统的蒸发压力和气冷器出口温度随排气压力的上升而下降,过热度随排气压力的上升而上升,制热量与制热能效比随排气压力的上升先上升后下降,且存在一个最优值。综合实验数据可以看出,系统的最优排气压力随着环境温度、进水温度、出水温度的下降而降低。在进水温度(环境水温)没有剧烈变动的条件下,通过数据拟合的方法创新性地提出了以环境温度及出水温度为自变量的预测最优排气压力的实验关联式。实验对比证明,系统运行在预测最优排气压力时,制热能效比与实验最优值的偏差小于1.3%,说明以环境温度及出水温度为自变量的预测最优排气压力的方法是值得同行参考的一种有效方法。     

颗粒型固-固相变材料堆积床蓄热与放热实验

对季戊四醇的固体颗粒堆积床相变蓄热和放热特性进行了实验研究.实验结果表明:在开始加热时,空气进口段堆积床的温度上升比较快,随着蓄热的进行,温度升高减慢;当季戊四醇的温度达到相变温度时,出口温度基本保持不变.当开始放热时,堆积床进口处蓄热材料的温度下降较剧烈,后段温度下降很缓慢.随着时间的增加,蓄热床内各点的温度均下降,并出现中段温度高、两侧温度低的现象.在实验中观察到明显的升华现象.     

开关柜内部故障电弧产生压力冲击的辐射模型

基于磁流体动力学法研究了开关柜内空气故障电弧的辐射模型。采用净辐射系数(NEC)法、半经验NEC和P1三个辐射模型,计算了密闭开关柜内部空气故障电弧的辐射传递过程和压力冲击效应。通过将三个模型计算的压力上升和试验结果进行比较,确定了适于故障电弧计算的辐射模型。重点分析了半经验NEC模型中重吸收层的起始温度边界对压力上升的影响。结果表明低温区域的重吸收效应严重影响故障电弧的能量输运,进而影响内部压力上升。和NEC模型相比,P1模型和半经验NEC由于考虑了重吸收效应更适合于故障电弧的压力计算。采用P1和0.7α0.83的半经验NEC模型(α为重吸收区域的起始温度边界的可调参数)所计算的压力上升更接近于试验结果。     

天然气压力能用于发电与制干冰的一体化工艺

针对目前天然气管网压力能利用技术存在的问题和实际困难,结合干冰市场的需求现状,提出一种新型的天然气管网压力能用于发电与压缩制干冰的一体化工艺技术.该工艺通过膨胀、发电和压缩过程的耦合实现孤网电力平衡,系统操作弹性大,压力能利用效率高,干冰产出成本较低.结合某城市的用气情况分析得出:当用户端的用电功率在发电机输出功率的30%~60%之间变化时,通过控制分流器,文中工艺的干冰生产率可稳定于84 kg/h;对工艺各单元操作进行的分析和EUD图像分析表明,该工艺的效率最高达59.40%,膨胀机和压缩机的损较大,而两换热器为工艺的薄弱环节,需加强强化传热的工艺设计.     

马铃薯升华干燥过程中的仿真研究

目的 为了了解马铃薯升华干燥效果和马铃薯的升华干燥时间,优化冻干过程,减少冻干能耗,采用COMSOL Multiphysics软件对马铃薯切片进行模拟。方法 综合利用传热学、传质学和有关学科知识,建立马铃薯切片在升华干燥过程中的物理模型和数学模型,模拟马铃薯片的升华干燥过程。结果 冰质量与初始时刻冰质量之比随着干燥时间增加逐渐减少,脱水速率随着干燥时间增加逐渐减小。考虑模拟忽略了蒸汽从切片四周流出的实际情况,导致冰质量与初始时刻冰质量之比实际值小于模拟值,脱水速率实际值高于模拟值。实际上升华干燥能除去马铃薯切片85%以上甚至90%以上的水分,干燥效果较好。随着马铃薯切片厚度的增加,马铃薯切片的升华干燥时间逐渐增大。马铃薯升华干燥时所处的冻干仓温度越高,升华干燥完成时所用的时间越少。冻干仓压力越大,马铃薯升华干燥时间越长。隔板温度越大,马铃薯的升华干燥时间越短。结论 在对马铃薯进行冻干时,应尽量增加冻干仓温度,降低冻干仓压力,增加隔板温度,减小马铃薯厚度,以降低马铃薯在冷冻干燥过程中的能耗。     

加压流化床中影响生物质气化气组成因素的研究

以加压流化床为反应器,锯末为原料,通过测定生物质空气气化产物的组成及其随反应条件变化的规律,确定了生物质结构与生物质气化气组成的关系。在700~850℃的温度范围内,以50℃为增量,考察了温度对气化产品气的影响。结果表明:CO是生物质气化的主要产物,在700~850℃的范围内,CO含量迅速升高,同时H2、CH4和烃类气体(包括CH4、C2H4、C2H2、C2H6、C3H6、C3H8)的含量也有升高,CO2的含量先升高后降低。生物质加压空气气化的实验中,压力从0.5 MPa变化到1.7 MPa,随着压力升高,CO2的体积分数上升,而CO和H2的体积分数下降,CH4和烃类气体的体积分数随压力的升高有上升趋势。生物质空气-水蒸气气化的实验中,水蒸气与生物质质量比mS/mB从1.1变化到2.6,随着mS/mB的升高,CO2,H2的体积分数均有所上升。反应结果表明,升高温度有助于生物质转化为气体;而压力越高越有利于CH4等烃类气体的生成,且随着压力的升高,反应器的处理量增大,反应程度加深;水蒸气的加入,减少了空气的消耗量,并生成了更多的H2及碳氢化合物,改善了产品气的质量。     

方爆轰管内压力波和火焰加速过程的试验

为探究缓燃向爆轰转捩过程中压力波与火焰加速的过程,在60 mm×60 mm×2 000 mm方爆轰管内,用乙炔(C2H2)和空气混合物进行了单次爆轰性能研究.试验在光滑爆轰管和加扰流器的爆轰管内分别进行,在爆轰管上按200 mm的间距同截面布置压力传感器与离子探针,用来监控压力波和火焰各自的信号.根据压力波和火焰位置、速度随时间的变化规律来分析压力波和火焰加速过程.结果表明:在光滑和加入扰流器的爆轰管内火焰的加速传播起主导作用;光滑管内峰值压力波速度大于初始压力波和火焰速度,而加入扰流片后,过爆前初始压力波、峰值压力波和火焰的速度基本上同步发展,过爆后初始压力波速度短暂跃升后最终三者耦合在一起形成爆轰波.     

缸径和压缩比对微型内燃机微燃烧性能的影响

为了考察缸径和压缩比对微型内燃机微燃烧特性的影响规律和机理,采用层流有限速率模型耦合甲醇-硝基甲烷燃烧化学反应机理,对其燃烧过程进行了多维仿真.深入分析了缸径和压缩比对微燃烧特性的影响.仿真结果与实验结果比较一致,缸径对甲醇-硝基甲烷微型内燃机微燃烧特性影响显著.当缸径从9.00mm减小到3.38mm时,在压力上升阶段,缸内压力和温度增大;最高压力值先增大后减小,最终最高压力值下降约6×105 Pa,到达最高压力值所需时间缩短约30℃A;燃气燃烧速率也增大,完全燃烧时刻提前约40℃A.进一步分析揭示了缸径影响燃烧特性的本质机理,缸径对缸内燃烧特性的影响取决于缸内未燃燃气总量、散热损失占燃烧释放总热量比值、燃料完全燃烧时刻这3个因素.在给定参数下,实现完全燃烧临界缸径约为3.38mm.随压缩比提高,缸内压力和温度增大且最高压力值和温度值也增大.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the