Effects of size and temperature on developmental time

Body size and temperature are the two most important variables affecting nearly all biological rates and times. The relationship of size and temperature to development is of particular interest, because during ontogeny size changes and temperature often varies. Here we derive a general model, based on first principles of allometry and biochemical kinetics, that predicts the time of ontogenetic development as a function of body mass and temperature. The model fits embryonic development times spanning a wide range of egg sizes and incubation temperatures for birds and aquatic ectotherms (fish, amphibians, aquatic insects and zooplankton). The model also describes nearly 75% of the variation in post-embryonic development among a diverse sample of zooplankton. The remaining variation is partially explained by stoichiometry, specifically the whole-body carbon to phosphorus ratio. Development in other animals at other life stages is also described by this model. These results suggest a general definition of biological time that is approximately invariant and common to all organisms.     

温度对莫桑比克白仔鳗生长的影响

采用温度梯度法,探讨了莫桑比克鳗鲡白仔鳗在温度24、26、28、30和32℃下的生长情况.结果显示,养殖水体的温度对莫桑比克白仔鳗的生长具有极显著影响(P<0.01).以特定生长率、饵料系数作为评定指标,水体温度为30℃时,莫桑比克白仔鳗的生长达到最佳.     

Effects of low temperature on properties of structural steels

The experiments were carried out to measure the mechanical properties of three grades of structural steels (Q235A, 16Mn and Q390E steel ) at low temperature. It was shown that the strength of the steels increases while the plasticity and toughness decrease as temperature drops. In the transitional area the toughness drops rapidly with temperature. Among the three structural steels,Q390E steel has the best toughness and the lowest sensitivity.     

莠去津对中华绒螯蟹精子LDH、ACP活性的影响

为了评估莠去津对雄性中华绒螯蟹的生殖毒性,以成熟雄性中华绒螯蟹为材料,采用莠去津梯度(0.001、0.01、0.1、1 mg/L)暴露方式进行体内染毒2周,通过分光光度法和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳酶谱法,分析中华绒螯蟹精子中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)的活性,比较其催化能力的变化.结果显示,0.1 mg/L莠去津处理组精子的LDH、ACP比活力是所有组别中最高的,且显著高于对照组(P<0.05);1 mg/L的次之,但同2个低质量浓度组(0.001、0.01 mg/L)的一样,均较对照组差异不显著(P>0.05).凝胶电泳后活性染色分析结果显示2种酶的催化能力的变化与分光光度法结果一致.实验结果表明,一定质量浓度的莠去津对雄性中华绒螯蟹具生殖毒性,可为莠去津对人类生殖健康的影响提供参考数据.     

温度对前中子星物质的影响

在相对论平均场框架内研究温度对包含δ介子的热前中子星物质的影响.温度对前中子星物质的影响趋势与是否包含δ介子无关.温度升高：（1）超子出现的临界密度降低;（2）低密度处超子丰度增加;（3）高密度区域内中微子丰度增加;（4）状态方程在低密度区域变硬而在高密度区域变软.同时,温度升高,前中子星的最大质量及其对应的半径都会增加.如果前中子星物质内包含了夸克相,温度升高,强子夸克相变开始和结束的临界密度都会提前.     

压强和温度对薄膜折射率的影响模型

基于膜分子和气相分子在沉积时竞争的观点,得到压强和温度对薄膜折射率影响的理论模型.模型的研究表明,薄膜折射率随真空压强的增加而降低;并随沉积温度的增加而增加.在不同真空压强和不同沉积温度下制备了氧化锆薄膜,计算了样品的折射率,结果显示的规律和理论模型的规律基本一致.     

岩体温度对地下水性质的影响

地下水的物理，力学及热学性质岩体温度的变化而变化，本文根据相关文献中可靠的试验数据，对一个大气压下地下水储性质与温度之间的关系进行了比较系统的研究，给出了地下水储性质与岩体工之间计算精度较高的数学关系式，为定量研究岩土体温度场对渗流场的影响奠定了基础。     

沙疗温度及血液灌注对膝关节温度场和应力场的影响

为探究沙疗过程中沙体温度及血液灌注率对于人体膝关节部位温度场分布以及骨骼热应力的影响,在生物传热学以及经典力学的理论基础上,通过运用将膝关节部位的计算机断层扫描(computed tomography,CT)影像数据导入3D逆向建模软件Mimics建立三维模型,并将模型导入COMSOL软件并进行传热数值模拟的方法来研究...     

Effects of vegetation height and density on soil temperature variations

Reduction in vegetation cover caused by human activities has a great impact on soil temperature. It is important to assess how soil temperature responds to reduction of vegetation height and density. In this paper we first report the trends of mean annual soil surface and air temperatures recorded at the meteorological stations near the Ecological Research Station for Grassland Farming (ERSGF) from 1961 to 2007, then we setup an experiment using reed (Phragmites australis) stalks with different heights and densities to simulate effects of different vegetation height and density on soil and air temperatures. The warming rates of the mean annual soil and air temperatures were 0.043 and 0.041C a 1 , respectively. Changes of soil temperature were characterized by both increased mean annual maximum and minimum soil temperatures. At the experimental site, mean daily temperature, mean daily maximum soil and air temperatures increased significantly. In contrast, mean daily minimum soil temperature increased significantly while mean daily minimum air temperature decreased significantly as the height and density of reed stalks reduced during the experimental period. Mean diurnal soil temperature ranges were smaller than mean diurnal air temperature ranges. These results highlight that the importance of vegetation cover on soil and air temperatures.     

高温对观赏海棠生长和光合作用的影响

通过对耐热性不同的3个海棠品种在生长季的生长、光合作用和高温期光合日变化的测定,探讨海棠光合作用对高温的响应机制,分析其光合作用、生长与耐热性之间的关系.结果表明:高温胁迫下,3个海棠品种的Pn下降,生长速率也随之下降,品种间差异显著.耐热性强的品种Pn下降幅度较小且下降时间为高温后期,生长速率降幅较小；耐热性弱的品种Pn下降幅度较大且下降时间为高温早期,生长速率降幅较大.3个海棠品种的Pn日变化曲线均呈“双峰型”,具明显光合“午休”现象.非气孔因素是海棠光合“午休”的主要原因.     

辐射损失对采暖室内计算温度的影响

探讨了室外空气温度对采暖室内平均辐射温度和热舒适的影响,利用室内热舒适环境评价指标(PMV),分析计算了相同热舒适条件下,由于辐射热损失的不同导致的舒适性室内空气温度的差异.结果表明,达到和北京地区室内空气温度18.0℃时相同的热舒适度,广州地区的室内空气温度为17.2℃.因此,广州地区采暖室内计算温度可以比北京降低约0.8℃.     

温度对香樟齿喙象生长发育的影响

香樟齿喙象（Pagiophloeus tsushimanus）是新发现的一种危害香樟的单食性蛀干害虫,以幼虫钻蛀危害香樟主干和侧枝的韧皮部和木质部,导致树势衰弱。探讨温度对香樟齿喙象生长发育的影响,明确香樟齿喙象发育起点温度和有效积温,进一步探明温度对其生长发育的影响,为该害虫的监测与防控提供依据。     

热处理温度对WO_3电致变色薄膜性能的影响

采用改进溶胶-凝胶法制备WO_3薄膜,研究不同热处理温度对WO_3薄膜的物相组成、表面形貌、电化学和光学性能的影响。用原子力显微镜(AFM)考察薄膜的表面形貌,用X线衍射(XRD)表征薄膜的物相组成,循环伏安法测试薄膜的电化学性能以及紫外-可见光分光光度计对薄膜的光学性能进行表征。结果表明:在热处理温度为200℃下得到的无定形WO_3薄膜具有较好的电致变色性能、较短的响应时间及较好的循环稳定性,电致变色循环可逆性为78.04%,薄膜着色、褪色态对比度在34%左右。     

温度对铝塑包装废物热解产物的影响

热解是实现铝塑包装废物中有机物和金属铝分离的有效方法。利用外热式固定床系统研究了铝塑热解时最主要的影响因素——温度对热解产物(固体残渣、热解油与气体)分布和性质的影响。结果表明,铝塑热解主要发生在723K之前,并且固体残渣在超过773 K时出现AlN,回收Al的纯度降低,因此铝塑热解要将温度控制在723~773 K之间。并且产物中热解气体产率最大,在温度较高时,CH4与C2H4含量较高;热解油是以C5—C35正构烯烃为主的宽沸点油。     

无序度和温度对一维无序体系费米能的影响

从一维情况出发,采用单电子紧束缚无序模型,建立无序体系一定温度下费米能公式,同时考虑到无序体系中无序这一本质要素,通过数值计算探讨不同无序模式下无序度与体系费米能关系,并进一步探讨温度等对体系费米能的影响。结果表明:无序体系的费米能随无序度的增大而减小,并且非对角无序对体系费米能的影响很大,考虑非对角无序时,体系的费米能大大降低;温度对体系费米能的影响表现为,随温度的升高,体系的费米能相应增大,且在低温区费米能随着温度的升高而增大比较缓慢,而在高温区费米能随着温度的升高而增大较快。     

Effects of Medium temperature on lean burn combustion duration of n-butanol

In this study,we did exploratory tests on the combustion duration of n-butanol,of which the object was lean mixture whose excess air ratio is 1.6,the independent variable was the initial temperature of combustion bomb.We did combustion tests on constant volume combustion bomb by changing the boundary conditions of the medium temperature.And we got its influence rules on the combustion duration of n-butanol,analyzing the combustion characteristic parameters about cylinder pressure,pressure rise rate,the combustion temperature,temperature rise rate,heat release and heat release rate.The results show that: With the increasing of medium temperature,the combustion duration is shortened significantly.     

低温处理对6种园林绿化树种幼苗生理生化特性的影响

为选择广东地区耐寒树种,对大花五桠果(Dillenia turbinata)、双翼豆(Peltophorum tonkinense)、海南山竹子(Garcinia oblongifolia)、盆架子(Alstonia scholaris)、非洲桃花心木(Khaya senegalensis)和海南红豆(Ormosia pinnata)6种幼苗进行10℃条件下0.5、3、5和8天的低温处理,研究其生理指标变化。结果显示：随着低温胁迫时间的延长,6树种幼苗叶片的相对电导率均表现出增加的趋势,脯氨酸含量大幅波动,叶绿素含量呈小幅波动,丙二醛含量为先上升后下降;除大花五桠果的SOD活性显著低于对照,其他树种的SOD活性波动后趋于对照水平。随着低温胁迫时间的延长,各树种幼苗叶片的可溶性蛋白质含量经过波动,最后大于或接近对照。经主成分分析得出6个树种的耐寒能力强弱顺序依次为海南红豆、非洲桃花心木、盆架子、海南山竹子、双翼豆、大花五桠果。     

油气混合参数对柴油机低温燃烧过程的影响

应用三维CFD模拟研究了喷油和进气参数包括喷油压力、喷孔直径和进气压力对柴油机低氧浓度低温燃烧(LTC)过程的影响.结果表明:随着喷油压力增加或喷孔直径的减小,各氧浓度下缸内燃烧压力和温度峰值都增大;相同氧浓度条件下预混燃烧的强度增大,出现明显预混燃烧的氧浓度增大;相同氧浓度条件下的soot排放降低;缸内局部温度最大值增大,NOx排放增大.进气压力增大,缸内压力上升更快,但缸内平均温度略有降低,相同氧浓度下着火时刻提前,滞燃期缩短;燃烧过程中局部缺氧的状况得到改善,相同氧浓度条件下燃油的燃烧更加完全,放出的总热量更多,燃烧效率明显提高;soot峰值和最终排放值都减小,NOx生成量进一步降低.