BCK—代数的注记

0　预备知识定义 1 〔1〕　设Ｘ是一个具有二元运算 及一个常元 0的集合 .如果它满足 :(Ⅰ ) (ｘ ｙ) (ｘ ｚ)≤ｚ ｙ ;(Ⅱ )ｘ (ｘ ｙ)≤ｙ ;(Ⅲ )ｘ≤ｘ;(Ⅳ ) 0≤ｘ ;(Ⅴ )ｘ≤ｙ,ｙ≤ｘ ｘ =ｙ ;(Ⅵ )ｘ≤ｙ ｘ ｙ =0则系它为一个ＢＣＫ—代数 ,简记为ＢＣＫ—代数〈Ｘ : ,0〉 .且称Ｘ为它的基础集 .引理 1 〔2〕　在ＢＣＫ—代数〈Ｘ : ,0〉中成立(ｘ ｙ) ｚ=(ｘ ｚ) ｙ其中ｘ ,ｙ ,ｚ是Ｘ中的任意三个元素 .定义 2 〔1〕　〈Ｘ : ,0〉是一个ＢＣＫ—代数 ,Ｘ中的一个二元运算∧定义为 :∧ :ｘ∧ｙ =ｙ (ｙ ｘ)若对任意ｘ…     

BCK－代数的滤子

ＢＣＫ－代数的滤子李继成（陕西师范大学数学系，西安７１００６２；作者，男，２５岁，硕士）本文所用到的概念均与文献［１］相同．定义１“’设Ｆ是ＢＣＫ一代数Ｘ的一个非空子集，若Ｆ满足：（１）ｘ６Ｆ，ｘ＜ｙ。ｙＥＦ；（２）ｘＥＦ，ｙ６Ｆ。ｇｌｂ｛ｘ，ｙ｝６...     

蕴涵BCK-代数与剩余半群

给出了蕴涵ＢＣＫ－代数的伴随半群作为剩余半群的若干特征，从半群的角度对这类ＢＣＫ－代数予以刻画，说明其伴随半群Ｍ（Ｘ）关于剩余运算“∶”作成一个蕴涵ＢＣＫ－代数，并且Ｍ（Ｘ）与Ｍ（Ｍ（Ｘ））是同构的     

关于BCI—代数的拟自同态

讨论了ＢＣＩ－代数Ｘ的满足条件ｆ（ｘ＊ｙ）≤ｆ（ｘ）＊ｆ（ｙ）的自映射ｆ的性质，在Ｘ的伴随半群中给出了σ满足以上条件的一些充分必要条件．最后给出了ＢＣＫ－代数的半群特征和一个等价的公理体系．     

半格上算子的方程描述

文中定义了半格上的算子，给出了半格上算子的几个等价描述，得到如下定理：设（Ｌ，∨）表示Ｌ是一并半格，Ｆ是Ｌ到自身的一个映射，则如下几条等价：（１）Ｆ是Ｌ上的闭包算子；（２）ｘ，ｙ∈Ｌ，ｘ∨Ｆ（Ｆ（ｘ）∨Ｆ（ｙ））＝Ｆ（ｘ∨ｙ）；（３）Ｆ是Ｌ上的闭包算子，且满足Ｆ（Ｆ（ｘ）∨Ｆ（ｙ））＝Ｆ（ｘ∨ｙ）；（４）Ｆ满足：ｘ≤Ｆ（ｘ）且Ｆ（Ｆ（ｘ）∨Ｆ（ｙ））＝Ｆ（ｘ∨ｙ）．另外，还给出拓扑内部算子的方程描述：集Ｘ的幂集Ｓｕ（Ｘ）到自身的映射Ｉ是Ｘ上的一个拓扑内部算子当且仅当方程Ｘ－Ａ∩Ｉ（Ａ）∩Ｉ２（Ｂ）＝Ｉ（Ｘ）－Ｉ（Ａ∩Ｂ）成立     

零对称BZ—代数

将原子及其分支的概念引信ＢＺ－代数，提出零对称ＢＺ－代数，得到若干重要特征。研究零对称ＢＺ－代数Ｘ关于其理想Ｎｚ（Ｘ）＝｛ｘ∈Ｘ│０－ｘ≤ｘ｝所作为的商代数Ｘ／Ｎｚ（Ｘ０的结构，证得Ｘ／Ｎｚ（Ｘ）≌｛ｙ│ｙ＝（０－ｘ）－ｘ，ｘ∈Ｘ｝。     

关于BCK／BCI－代数的几个等价公理系

分别给出ＢＣＫ－代数，蕴涵ＢＣＫ－代数，ＢＣＩ－代数及蕴涵ＢＣＩ－代数的一个等价公理系，说明了蕴涵ＢＣＩ－代数是蕴涵ＢＣＫ－代数的自然推广，亦说明了蕴涵性是“双Ｂ”代数的“固有属性”．     

BCK—域的运算结构定理及独立列

主要明确了纯有限ＢＣＫ－域和无限循环ＢＣＫ－域的运算结构，进而给出了构作ＢＣＫ－域（或ＢＣＫ－代数）的一般方法，引入了独立列的概念，并给出了相关的组合结论。     

BCI—代数的半同态与伴随半群间的关系

本文定义了ＢＣＩ－代数上的一种“半同态”映射ｆＬ（１）ｆ（ｘ＊ｙ）＝ｆ（ｘ）＊ｙ，（ｉｉ）若ｘ≤ｙ，则ｆ（ｘ）≥ｆ（ｙ），讨论了关同态映射的核与象的一些性质，给出了一定条件下ｆ∈Ｍ（ｘ）的一个充要条件。     

有界可换BCK—代数的半群特征

讨论了ＢＣＫ－代数伴随半群中的剩余元素，给出具有条件（Ｓ）的ＢＣＫ－代数及可换ＢＣＫ－代数伴随半群的若干特征，说明具有条件（Ｓ）的可换ＢＣＫ－代数的伴随半群是上半格；有界可换ＢＣＫ－代数的伴随半群是格．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with