数控仿真系统中工作坐标系设定和刀具补偿的技巧

对刀过程是否正确是工件加工成败的关键因素,从工作坐标系设置和刀具补偿设置两个方面着重分析了FANUC-0Ⅰ车床的对刀操作的应用技巧。     

A gene affecting the specificity of the chemosensory neurons of Drosophila

The sensilla on the proboscis and tarsi of Drosophila contain five neurons, four chemosensory and one mechanosensory. The sugar-sensitive neuron, designated S, carries independent acceptor sites for pyranose, furanose and trehalose. Two others, L1 and L2, respond to salts. The fourth neuron, W, is inhibited by salts and sugars, and is believed to mediate detection of water. We describe here a gene in which mutations alter the neurons in such a way that the S cell is excited by salts. As a result, the mutant flies are strongly attracted by NaCl at concentrations which are repellent to the wild type. To our knowledge, this is the first instance of a mutation which changes the specificity of the chemosensory neurons.     

顾及2套坐标误差的三维坐标变换方法

探讨顾及2套坐标误差改正数的三维坐标转换模型,以2套坐标改正数的加权平方和最小为准则导出了转换参数的解算公式;并根据公共点的坐标改正数以及公共点与待转换点间的协方差阵计算待转换点的坐标改正数并对其改正,从而求得近似无缝的坐标转换结果.试验表明:当公共点与转换点坐标相关性较大时,该方法能显著地提高坐标转换精度.     

10 MW高温气冷堆的协调控制方案

针对10MW高温气冷堆(HTR-10)核动力装置堆型新,对象动态特性复杂等特点,研究了自动控制系统的整体结构,结合工程要求设计了相应的协调控制方案.分析并提出控制器参数的工程整定方法,通过仿真着重在典型给定置变化或扰动情况下,对各方案控制性能进行了深入分析和考查.最终给出"核功率控制热氦温度以及氦流量控制蒸汽温度”的方案作为工程重点,可为实际运行操作提供直接参考,并为HTR10整体控制策略的深入研究奠定了基础.     

全球定位系统（GPS）测量中坐标系转换及其坐标换算

测量领域已经广泛地应用全球定位系统（GPS）,需要进行坐标系转换,本文主要阐述GPS所采集到的地心地固WGS-84坐标如何换算成参心空间直角坐标进而换算成参心地理大地坐标直至高斯正形投影平面直角坐标最终求得工程所需的坐标完整过程。     

Direct control of paralysed muscles by cortical neurons

A potential treatment for paralysis resulting from spinal cord injury is to route control signals from the brain around the injury by artificial connections. Such signals could then control electrical stimulation of muscles, thereby restoring volitional movement to paralysed limbs. In previously separate experiments, activity of motor cortex neurons related to actual or imagined movements has been used to control computer cursors and robotic arms, and paralysed muscles have been activated by functional electrical stimulation. Here we show that Macaca nemestrina monkeys can directly control stimulation of muscles using the activity of neurons in the motor cortex, thereby restoring goal-directed movements to a transiently paralysed arm. Moreover, neurons could control functional stimulation equally well regardless of any previous association to movement, a finding that considerably expands the source of control signals for brain-machine interfaces. Monkeys learned to use these artificial connections from cortical cells to muscles to generate bidirectional wrist torques, and controlled multiple neuron-muscle pairs simultaneously. Such direct transforms from cortical activity to muscle stimulation could be implemented by autonomous electronic circuitry, creating a relatively natural neuroprosthesis. These results are the first demonstration that direct artificial connections between cortical cells and muscles can compensate for interrupted physiological pathways and restore volitional control of movement to paralysed limbs.     

GABA-containing neurons in the septum control inhibitory interneurons in the hippocampus

The hippocampus, in particular the neocortex-hippocampus-neocortex circuit, is widely believed to be crucial in memory. Information flow in this circuit is strongly influenced by relatively sparse afferents derived from subcortical centres, such as the septum, involved in arousal, emotions and autonomic control. A powerful mechanism, by which numerically small inputs can produce profound effects, is feed-forward inhibition, that is, the activation of local inhibitory interneurons, which, in turn, control the activity of large populations of principal cells in the hippocampus. An example is the cholinergic input to the hippocampus from the septum, which is likely to be involved in feed-forward operations. Here, we demonstrate the existence of a circuit underlying another powerful mechanism of subcortical control of hippocampal information processing. We show that GABA-containing afferents originating in the septum innervate most of the GABA-containing interneurons in the hippocampus, making many synaptic contacts with each of them. Activation of the GABA-containing neurons in the septum is likely to lead to disinhibition of the principal neurons in the hippocampal formation and so this pathway is probably crucial in the induction of hippocampal electrical activity patterns, and may be involved in NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor-mediated functions, such as memory, in a permissive manner.     

不同的新型大地坐标系之间的坐标转换

对于同一椭球面上位于不同区域的新型大地坐标系,提出了在其间进行坐标转换的方法,推证了转换关系和计算公式.这不仅能方便地用于两区域之间的坐标转换,而且能在更大区域精确方便地实现椭球面上的计算.实际计算的数据结果表明了转换方法的有效性和精确性.     

On-line, voluntary control of human temporal lobe neurons

Daily life continually confronts us with an exuberance of external, sensory stimuli competing with a rich stream of internal deliberations, plans and ruminations. The brain must select one or more of these for further processing. How this competition is resolved across multiple sensory and cognitive regions is not known; nor is it clear how internal thoughts and attention regulate this competition. Recording from single neurons in patients implanted with intracranial electrodes for clinical reasons, here we demonstrate that humans can regulate the activity of their neurons in the medial temporal lobe (MTL) to alter the outcome of the contest between external images and their internal representation. Subjects looked at a hybrid superposition of two images representing familiar individuals, landmarks, objects or animals and had to enhance one image at the expense of the other, competing one. Simultaneously, the spiking activity of their MTL neurons in different subregions and hemispheres was decoded in real time to control the content of the hybrid. Subjects reliably regulated, often on the first trial, the firing rate of their neurons, increasing the rate of some while simultaneously decreasing the rate of others. They did so by focusing onto one image, which gradually became clearer on the computer screen in front of their eyes, and thereby overriding sensory input. On the basis of the firing of these MTL neurons, the dynamics of the competition between visual images in the subject's mind was visualized on an external display.     

GABA and GAD immunoreactivity of photoreceptor terminals in primate retina

Within the vertebrate retina, two types of photoreceptor cells--the rods and cones--transduce visual signals and convey this information through synapses with bipolar and horizontal cells. Although the neurotransmitter at these first-order synapses has not been identified, electrophysiological studies suggest that it might be excitatory. In the present study, however, we have found photoreceptor terminals in the rhesus monkey retina which are immunoreactive with antibodies to either gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) or L-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD, an enzyme involved in the synthesis of GABA). In the perifoveal region of the retina, approximately 25% of presynaptic profiles having ultrastructural characteristics of either rod or cone terminals are immunoreactive with one or the other antibody. This evidence for a putatively inhibitory neurotransmitter in photoreceptor terminals challenges present understanding of retinal synaptic function.     

波函数与坐标系

讨论了波函数与坐标系的关系问题,认为无论单粒子波函数还是多粒子波函数,都与坐标系有关,坐标系都是选在有心力场中心的.对于多粒子体系波函数,可以认为是一个粒子分别处于不同的位置,其波函数的构成,是考查位置的单粒子波函数与其他位置单粒子波函数相乘的结果,而其他非考查位置的单粒子波函数的乘积,可认为是考查位置单粒子波函数的归一化常数.     

正交曲线坐标系中速度和加速度投影式的坐标变换求法

以柱、球坐标为例，用坐标变换的方法求证了正交曲线坐标系中的速度和加速度的投影公式。介绍的推证方法较传统方法通俗、简明，对深入理解教学内容具有一定的指导作用。     

Neural substrates of awakening probed with optogenetic control of hypocretin neurons

The neural underpinnings of sleep involve interactions between sleep-promoting areas such as the anterior hypothalamus, and arousal systems located in the posterior hypothalamus, the basal forebrain and the brainstem. Hypocretin (Hcrt, also known as orexin)-producing neurons in the lateral hypothalamus are important for arousal stability, and loss of Hcrt function has been linked to narcolepsy. However, it is unknown whether electrical activity arising from Hcrt neurons is sufficient to drive awakening from sleep states or is simply correlated with it. Here we directly probed the impact of Hcrt neuron activity on sleep state transitions with in vivo neural photostimulation, genetically targeting channelrhodopsin-2 to Hcrt cells and using an optical fibre to deliver light deep in the brain, directly into the lateral hypothalamus, of freely moving mice. We found that direct, selective, optogenetic photostimulation of Hcrt neurons increased the probability of transition to wakefulness from either slow wave sleep or rapid eye movement sleep. Notably, photostimulation using 5-30 Hz light pulse trains reduced latency to wakefulness, whereas 1 Hz trains did not. This study establishes a causal relationship between frequency-dependent activity of a genetically defined neural cell type and a specific mammalian behaviour central to clinical conditions and neurobehavioural physiology.     

城区坐标系统改造中坐标系统的优化选择

在城市控制网改造中,选择一种合理、规范、统一的城区坐标系统,十分重要。从目前甘肃省境内各地区现存坐标系统优、缺点分析入手,结合本省的特殊地理位置,根据城市网控制测量的要求,从不同方面阐述了平面坐标系统选择高斯正形投影任意带的平面直角坐标系统,投影面选取城市平均高程面;高程系统选择1985国家高程基准,是适合本省地域条件最理想的城区坐标系统。