黑云母花岗岩对冲击荷载的动态力学响应

为了研究黑云母花岗岩对冲击荷载作用时的动态力学响应,采用大直径分离式Hopkinson压杆装置对黑云母花岗岩进行了动态压缩及动态劈裂抗拉试验,分析了黑云母花岗岩的动态压缩应力-应变曲线、动态压缩破坏形态以及动态劈裂抗拉强度等动态力学参数随着冲击荷载的变化规律。结果表明:黑云母花岗岩的动态抗压强度随着子弹冲击加载速度的增加而明显提高,在15.0 m/s左右时,动态抗压强度达到347.1 MPa; 随着子弹冲击加载速度的增加,黑云母花岗岩破坏的形式是从块状到粉状; 与静态劈裂抗拉强度相比,动态劈裂抗拉强度也有较大幅度的提高。     

水-热循环花岗岩的物理力学性质试验研究

为了研究水-热循环次数对花岗岩物理、力学性质的影响,将花岗岩进行不同次数的高温-水冷循环处理,并将处理后的花岗岩在刚性试验机上进行单轴压缩力学试验.结果表明:在相同水-热循环次数下,随着温度的增加,花岗岩试样的饱和吸水率分阶段增加,峰值强度与弹性模量持续下降,变形模量下降,峰值应变呈现多阶段变化;在相同的温度作用下,随着水-热循环次数的增加,花岗岩试样的饱和吸水率逐渐增加,峰值强度和弹性模量出现先下降、后小幅上升、最后持续下降的变化现象,变形模量出现多阶段变化,峰值应变小幅度上升后下降;花岗岩单轴压缩破坏的应力-应变曲线分为4个阶段,随着温度的升高,花岗岩延性增加,应力-应变曲线幅度逐渐减小,压密阶段与累进性破裂阶段都增长,峰后曲线从光滑跌落过渡到分段跌落,随着循环次数的增加,呈现出相似变化趋势;温度的升高和循环次数的增加都导致了花岗岩内部缺陷和孔隙的增加,即随着饱和吸水率的增加,峰值强度减小,可见花岗岩的物理力学性质在不同温度、不同循环次数水-热循环后发生了不同程度的劣化.研究结果对分析花岗岩变形破坏机理以及实际工程中评价高温岩石工程的稳定性提供了一定的参考依据.     

高温-水冷循环作用对花岗岩冲击压缩力学性能的影响

干热岩开采等实际工程中高温-水冷循环和强扰动加剧了岩体力学性能的劣化,极易影响工程安全性和经济性。为研究高温-水冷循环作用对花岗岩冲击压缩力学性能的影响,对400℃下经历不同次数（0、2、4、6次）高温-水冷循环后的色季拉山花岗岩进行物理性质试验,采用分离式霍普金森压杆（split Hopkinson pressure bar, SHPB）进行冲击压缩试验,通过破碎形态和分形维数分析花岗岩试件破碎规律。结果表明:随着循环次数的增加,花岗岩外观颜色变暗、变黄,表面裂纹增多,粗糙程度增大;花岗岩密度、P波波速、动态抗压强度与循环次数均呈负相关,P波波速和动态抗压强度在前2次循环期间分别急剧下降42.53%和4.57%～10.80%;在相同循环次数下,花岗岩动态抗压强度随加载速率的增大而显著增加,表现出明显的应变率强化效应;在相同加载速率下,花岗岩破碎程度随循环次数的增加而加剧,在相同循环次数下,花岗岩主要破坏形式随加载速率的增加由劈裂破坏变为块状、粉碎破坏;花岗岩分形维数变化规律与破碎形态变化规律一致,经历6次高温-水冷循环,分形维数增幅为3.44%～11.52%。     

循环升温-水冷作用下花岗岩的力学特征与破坏模式

干热岩储层改造过程中高温岩石处于反复升温-水冷状态,其破裂力学特性直接影响储层改造效果。基于室内试验和有限元数值模拟,研究了循环升温-水冷对花岗岩力学特征和破裂模式的影响,探讨了花岗岩的力学性能劣化规律和破裂过程。研究表明：温度对花岗岩力学特性影响显著,升温导致花岗岩强度和弹性模量呈降低趋势,整体塑性增强,而经多次升温-水冷处理后岩石脆性得到一定程度的提高,花岗岩弹性模量变化受升温温度及循环升温-水冷次数共同控制;随温度升高,花岗岩由劈裂-剪切复合破坏转变为剪切破坏,且破裂程度明显提高;当循环次数较低时,温度是影响花岗岩破裂模式的主导因素,伴随循环次数增多,花岗岩内部损伤加剧,在压缩荷载作用下呈现复杂的剪切-劈裂混合破坏模式。     

热-液耦合作用下花岗岩单轴力学特性的实验研究

为研究热-液耦合花岗岩单轴力学性能及破坏方式,对花岗岩进行不同温度作用下的热-液耦合循环处理,采用单轴压缩试验分析其力学特征的变化规律。结果表明：(1)峰值强度随温度升高而增加,50-100℃,降低11.51%,100-150℃,降低1.77%;峰值应变与循环温度呈线性拟合关系,随温度升高,峰值应变降低;弹性模量随温度上升而先变大后减小,上升幅度较明显约123.21%。(2)峰值强度随循环次数增加出现不同变化,3次循环前均处于缓慢变化,后面变化明显,3-4次,降低19.87%,4-5次,上升22.70%;峰值应变与循环次数呈多项式拟合关系,3次循环时取得最大值;弹性模量与循环次数呈多项式拟合关系,3次循环时取得最小值。(3)峰值强度在等值线图中,50-100℃,以3次循环呈对称分布;峰值应变随循环温度升高和循环次数变多而降低;弹性模量等值线图中出现双峰模式,随着温度升高,循环次数变多,弹性模量增加。(4)应力-应变曲线大致经历压密、弹性、屈服、破坏4个阶段,发生脆性破坏。破坏分为劈裂、剪切。可见,热-液耦合作用对花岗岩的力学特性是有一定影响的。     

岩石SHPB劈裂分析理论研究

为了分析岩石在冲击载荷下的动态劈裂破坏情况,通过分析巴西圆盘在动态劈裂和静态劈裂时表面应力分布均匀化的相似性,可以将静态劈裂时的弹性理论应用到动态劈裂当中,得到巴西圆盘在动态劈裂下的动态抗拉强度、动态抗压强度、应变率和应变的计算公式.应用三维非线性动力学分析软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA,模拟巴西圆盘在分离式霍布金逊压杆实验装置上受冲击时动态劈裂的整个实验过程.基于动态抗拉强度公式和动态抗压强度公式,对试件的实际拉应力曲线与计算拉应力曲线进行对比,以及对实际压应力曲线与计算压应力曲线进行对比,通过对比曲线的相互吻合性证明数值模型适用于对岩石冲击劈裂破坏性质的研究.通过分析试样表面的应力均匀化过程以及试样表面对心压缩轴线上拉应力方向的应力分布情况,得出试样在对心压缩轴线表面上的破坏顺序是由从两个冲击端部向中心发展的;通过分析试样沿对心压缩轴线所切剖面上的拉应力分布,得出试样在厚度方向上的破坏顺序是由表面向内部发展的.     

花岗岩超低温冻融循环后力学特性研究

对花岗岩进行-20,-30,-40,-50℃条件下的冻融循环处理,再进行单轴压缩试验,观察花岗岩经历不同冻结温度的冻融循环后的破坏模式,并分析弹性模量变化规律、应力应变曲线变化规律、单轴抗压强度和峰值应变变化规律以及冻融系数的变化.根据冻融处理后花岗岩的损伤数据,推广了花岗岩冻融循环后的总损伤变量的公式.研究结果表明,冻融循环后花岗岩的破坏模式主要为锥形破坏模式和柱状劈裂模式,揭示了花岗岩冻融循环后的力学特性与冻结温度的关系.根据总损伤变量与应变的关系可以预测,随着冻结温度的下降,应变存在一个临界值,超过临界值时试块破坏.     

各向异性花岗岩的力学参数及相关性

对花岗岩块及试样进行纵波速度测试、单轴压缩和巴西劈裂试验,确定材料的力学性质参数之间的关系。研究结果表明:花岗岩具有均匀、各向异性特征;岩石内裂隙面存在优势方向,沿其法向的纵波速度、抗拉强度及压缩弹性模量均较低,但单轴抗压强度未受其影响反而较高;另一方向的抗压强度因试样易于沿裂隙面劈裂而偏低,其他参数则较高,由此引起试样单轴抗压强度与弹性模量、纵波速度呈负相关性。     

温度循环对岩石物理力学性质影响试验研究

温度的交替性变化对岩体内部损伤加剧,岩石损伤的积累与发展,导致高寒区岩土工程发生破坏失稳。选取花岗岩、砂岩进行不同温度循环条件下的单轴压缩试验,分析花岗岩抗压强度、弹性模量、抗拉强度与温度循环次数的变化关系;对经历不同温度循环次数的岩石试件进行纵波波速测定,并引入纵波波速劣化度,定量分析温度循环对岩石的损伤。结果表明：花岗岩抗压强度、弹性模量、抗拉强度逐渐减小,且与温度循环次数拟合关系可表征为负指数变化关系;温度循环条件下,岩石试件的纵波波速随循环次数的增大而减小,温度循环初期,波速值变化速率较快,后期变化趋势基本平缓。试件纵波波速劣化度最大可达15.02%,表明温度循环对岩石产生明显损伤。研究为寒区岩土工程的稳定性分析提供试验依据,具有较高的参考价值。     

温度循环对岩石物理力学性质影响

温度的交替性变化对岩体内部损伤加剧,岩石损伤的积累与发展,导致高寒区岩土工程发生破坏失稳。选取花岗岩、砂岩进行不同温度循环条件下的单轴压缩试验,分析花岗岩抗压强度、弹性模量、抗拉强度与温度循环次数的变化关系;对经历不同温度循环次数的岩石试件进行纵波波速测定;并引入纵波波速劣化度,定量分析温度循环对岩石的损伤。结果表明,花岗岩抗压强度、弹性模量、抗拉强度逐渐减小,且与温度循环次数拟合关系可表征为负指数变化关系;温度循环条件下,岩石试件的纵波波速随循环次数的增大而减小,温度循环初期,波速值变化速率较快,后期变化趋势基本平缓。试件纵波波速劣化度最大可达15.02%,表明温度循环对岩石产生明显损伤。研究为寒区岩土工程的稳定性分析提供试验依据,具有较高的参考价值。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the