反垄断法规制企业合并的法律思想研究

企业合并在西方国家是司空见惯的经济现象，也是反垄断法规制企业合并的核心，但是我国尚未出台反垄断法，也缺乏成熟的理论依据。因此笔者通过研究西方发达国家两大学派的理论，结合中国实际情况，提出反垄断法规制企业合并的可行性建议。     

美国与德国控制企业合并立法的比较

企业合并是滋生垄断的重要原因．在各国的反垄断法中，控制企业合并是十分重要的内容。美国和德国都是制定反垄断法较早的国家，它们的反垄断立法与司法实践对世界许多国家产生了深远的影响。我国实行市场经济多年。但至今没有出台反垄断法，从长远的角度看．这很不利于国民经济持续、稳定的增长。本文对美国、德国反垄断法中关于控制企业合并部分的实体法进行了有选择地比较，并试图从中为我国相关立法寻求借鉴。     

论反垄断法的发展

在反垄断法发展的早期,各国主要致力于通过反垄断法的国内实施来控制国内的经济集中.80年代以后,随着跨国公司的迅猛发展、跨国合并的频频发生及国际经济的日益集中,反垄断法把其规制的重心逐渐由国内经济集中转向了国际经济集中.由此引发了反垄断法内国控制日益弱化国际控制日益强化这么一个发展趋势.它为我国正在进行的反垄断立法提供了若干重要启示,同时作者提出了自己的立法主张.     

论企业合并的反垄断法规制

企业合并是反垄断法的重点规制对象，确定其内涵和外延是研究企业合并制度的概念基础，通过对合并作用的辨证分析和西方国家相关理论的比较分析，可得出结论：反垄断立法应当在允许适当合并和防止垄断之间寻找平衡。就内容而言．反垄断法对企业合并的规制应包括实体规范和程序规范两类，其中不乏豁免条款和有关外资并购的法律规定。     

试论反垄断法的宏观属性

反垄断法在立法目的、内容及其与产业政策的关系等方面表现出宏观性特征。确立我国反垄断法的宏观调控地位，对弥补市场调节的不足、反垄断法的国际化和统一化、深化体制改革和合理原则的运用，都有着积极的意义。为适应宏观调控的需要，我国拟议中的反垄断法，应确立宏观调控的立法目的和基本原则、采取合并立法体例、突出一般条款的作用、用好合理原则、将垄断行为作为规制重点、反垄断机关应具有权威性。     

反垄断立法的比较研究

比较研究美国、德国、日本三国的反垄断立法,具有重要的理论价值,对我国的反垄断立法也会起到一定的启迪作用.本文分析三国反垄断法在名称、出台时间、历史任务、立法模式等方面的差异及原因,揭示出反垄断法的一般规律:反垄断法与市场经济有着必然联系;反垄断法是对传统民商法原则的修正和发展,在经济法体系中占有重要地位;反垄断法经历了一个从无到有,从幼稚到成熟的发展过程;反垄断法有扩大适用范围和趋于国际化的倾向.     

美、日反垄断立法的语境比较

不同的立法语境（背景）导致了不同的反垄断立法,也造成不同反垄断法的司法进程。本文即对美、日反垄断立法的不同语境（背景）,及其对司法进程的影响进行比较,并进一步反思中国反垄断法的立法与司法情况。     

浅析我国反垄断立法的必要性

从市场规则看,有市场就有竞争,竞争导致垄断,非法垄断对市场经济造成严重破坏,需要反垄断法加以规制;从客观现实看,我国垄断问题日益突出,已造成严重后果,迫切需要反垄断法进行规范;从立法现状看,我国反垄断立法严重滞后,制定统一的反垄断法势在必行。     

美国反垄断法的构建及对我国立法的启示

我国反垄断立法在制定过程中面临诸多问题.我们应借鉴他国先进成熟的立法经验.美国反垄断法在立法框架的构建、法律原则的确立、立法规制的内容及豁免范围和执法机关的选择等四个方面可以对我国反垄断法的制定起到启迪作用.     

试论我国反垄断法对经济垄断的规制

禁止垄断协议制度,禁止市场支配地位制度和控制企业合并制度构成传统反垄断法上的三大制度。而我国的反垄断法应不专设垄断协议这一章节,而将其分为横向限制竞争行为和纵向限制竞争行为两章;反垄断法不仅要规制滥用市场支配地位的行为,也要规制市场支配地位本身;我国反垄断法应规制企业合并。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the