Sympatric speciation in Nicaraguan crater lake cichlid fish

Sympatric speciation, the formation of species in the absence of geographical barriers, remains one of the most contentious concepts in evolutionary biology. Although speciation under sympatric conditions seems theoretically possible, empirical studies are scarce and only a few credible examples of sympatric speciation exist. Here we present a convincing case of sympatric speciation in the Midas cichlid species complex (Amphilophus sp.) in a young and small volcanic crater lake in Nicaragua. Our study includes phylogeographic, population-genetic (based on mitochondrial DNA, microsatellites and amplified fragment length polymorphisms), morphometric and ecological analyses. We find, first, that crater Lake Apoyo was seeded only once by the ancestral high-bodied benthic species Amphilophus citrinellus, the most common cichlid species in the area; second, that a new elongated limnetic species (Amphilophus zaliosus) evolved in Lake Apoyo from the ancestral species (A. citrinellus) within less than approximately 10,000 yr; third, that the two species in Lake Apoyo are reproductively isolated; and fourth, that the two species are eco-morphologically distinct.     

Genetic divergence, speciation and morphological stasis in a lineage of African cichlid fishes.

Since their discovery at the turn of the century, the species assemblages of cichlid fishes in the East African Lakes Victoria, Malawi and Tanganyika have fascinated evolutionary biologists. Many models have attempted to account for the 'explosive' evolution of several hundred species within these lakes. Here we report a case of surprisingly large genetic divergence among populations of the endemic Tropheus lineage of Lake Tanganyika. This lineage of six species contains twice as much genetic variation as the entire morphologically highly diverse cichlid assemblage of Lake Malawi and six times more variation than the Lake Victoria species flock. Although it is highly variable in coloration, this group of species and its closest relatives have not undergone appreciable morphological change. The observed geographic pattern of genetic variation suggests that major lake level fluctuations affected the distribution and speciation of this lineage of cichlid fishes.     

程海藻类植物调查研究

本文报道1984～1985年对云南省境内的程海进行藻类植物的种类组成和空间分布以及湖水理化性质调查研究的结果。程海湖没有出流,蒸发量大于入湖水量,水位以21.2cm/年的速度下降,湖水的pH为9.0,离子总量年平均为1.02mg/1,其中Na~+为187mg/1,Mg~(++)为69.4mg/1,HCO_3~-为558mg/1,CO_3~(--)为149mg/1。鉴定出藻类植物126种及变种(含一个新种),以硅藻门(80种),绿藻门(31种)和蓝藻门(11种)为主。浮游植物的年平均数量为824,688个/ml,蓝藻占优势,占总量的99.8～99.9％,春末夏初,卷曲鱼腥藻形成的蓝藻水华覆盖了大半个湖面,其种群纯度达99.7％,未发现蓝藻水华引起中毒的现象。研究结果表明,程海是一个由淡水湖向咸水湖过渡的苏打湖,并且不再届贫营养湖。其丰富的藻类植物,尤其是数量巨大的蓝藻以及特殊的生态环境是极宝贵的资源,应加以保护和合理利用。     

东洞庭湖介形类现生种的定量生态信息

以东洞庭湖介形类现生种为研究对象,对其进行野外生态调查,获取该生物定量生态信息,以此为该湖水体污染程度监测与评价奠定必要基础,同时丰富我国介形类现生种生境数据.本研究共发现东洞庭湖介形类现生种4属4种,它们为比利时舍氏玻璃介(相似种) Schellencandona cf. belgica、豆形豆形玻璃介Fabaefo...     

南四湖泥鳅与大鳞副泥鳅CO I基因序列分析

利用PCR-测序技术,对山东省南四湖的泥鳅与大鳞副泥鳅CO I(线粒体氧化酶)基因约900 bp的片段进行测序和分析。这些CO I基因片段的碱基平均含量AT为55.5%,GC为44.5%;序列同源性分析发现,泥鳅和大鳞副泥鳅种内平均遗传距离分别为0.012和0.001,都小于0.02,与其他鱼类的种间遗传距离都大于0.02。利用种间遗传距离构建系统树表明,泥鳅和大鳞副泥鳅样本各自成支,两支的关系比其他鱼种要近,这与形态学分类结果一致,说明该CO I基因序列可以作为DNA条形码用于物种的鉴定。     

武汉市东湖沉积物的磁性特征与周围环境之间的关系

通过对武汉市东湖沉积物114个样品的磁性分析,结合扫描电镜图像和区域环境背景,发现东湖主湖区之一的郭郑湖沉积物的磁性载体相对含量较少,以磁铁矿为主,同时含有钛磁铁矿以及铁的硫化物等,它们一部分来自于湖区周围的各种碎屑物质,一部分来自于呈球形的工业尘埃降落以及城市污水和交通尾气,这些磁性颗粒粗细不均,平均频率磁化率系数χFD%为3.03%.相对于郭郑湖,另一个子湖塘林湖沉积物的磁性载体(多畴磁铁矿)含量较多,平均χFD%为1.37%,且来源以呈球形的工业尘埃降落为主,少部分来自于湖区周围的碎屑物质.利用此种方法,可以评价污染物质的来源对城市内陆湖泊的影响等.     

东昌湖原生动物群落的初步研究

１９９７年４月下旬至５月中旬,应用ＰＦＵ法收集东昌湖原生动物类群,对群落的种类组成、多样性指数和污生指数等进行了测定,共检出原生动物１０７种,其中２３种为污染指示种     

菜子湖鱼类区系变动及其驱动力分析

2007～2008年对菜子湖鱼类多样性和渔业方式进行了调查,采集到鱼类8目18科68种,包括3种新记录.历史记录的13种洄游性鱼类本次仅见2种野生群,湖区野生洄游性鱼类经济绝灭.养殖鱼类产量占渔业总产的91.4%,成为渔业主体.杂食性鱼类物种丰富但产量甚微,相反人工放流的鲢、鳙等滤食性鱼类产量达鱼类总产的68.6%,为绝对优势种.湖区鱼类区系组成的特征变化与江湖阻隔和渔业养殖模式变革密切相关,因此江湖关系变动及渔业养殖当为菜子湖鱼类区系变动的关键驱动因子.     

滇池浮游植物的生物多样性调查研究

 根据2001年9月至2002年7月6个月滇池浮游植物种类和数量的调查结果,分析了该湖浮游植物的物种组成,通过Shannon指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Berger-Parker指数计算,从不同侧面研究了滇池的生物多样性水平.结果表明:调查期间共鉴定浮游植物106种及变种;浮游植物生物多样性在3月最高,而其他月份差别不明显,平面分布上南部高于北部,东部高于西部.     

青海湖萎缩干涸原因、发展趋势及对生态环境的影响

对青海湖萎缩干涸原因,发展趋势及其对生态环境的影响进行研究,结果表明：（a)该湖泊的补给水量常常入不敷出,原因是受气气候变化和人类经济活动等影响,其中湖区所受的人类活动影响较小;（b)湖水位的变化与人类耗用水量之间没有明显的联系,其水位变化基本上反映了该流域内的自然气候条件的变化,针对青海湖流域的这一特点,采用线性扰动模型（LPM）,能较好的地模拟青湖的水位变化过程及预测未来的水位变化趋势。     

拉市海浮游生物群落特征及其初级生产力和鱼产力的估算

研究拉市海湖泊生态系统中浮游生物群落特征,包括浮游生物的种类组成、种类密度及生物量,对于评价该湖泊的水质现状及对其的保护工作都具有十分重要的意义。这次调查共发现133种浮游植物及62种浮游动物,定量结果表明浮游植物和浮游动物平均密度分别为758000cells／L和29500ind／L总生物量分别为13．36mg／L和2．24mg／L。其中硅藻、绿藻和轮虫,无论是种类数量还是种群个体数均占有绝对优势,说明拉市海水体属于寡污染型。此外,文章还测定拉市海水体初级生产力,同时对鱼产潜力进行估算。得到该水体浮游植物平均总产氧量为1．02mg／（m^2·d）,湖泊总鱼总产力为390．39kg／hm^2。虽然该浮游植物产氧量较低,但从整体角度上看却是适宜的,即浮游生物在该水体中的种类和数量与其水体自身维持生态平衡。     

巢湖浮游藻类的初步研究

巢湖周年先后共出现浮游藻类277种(包括变种),隶属于8门85属。依种类组成的季节变动,均以绿藻门的属,种最多,其次为蓝藻、硅藻,而金藻、黄藻、隐藻、甲藻均极少;从种群数量分析,除冬季外,则均以蓝藻门为绝对优势,占巢湖浮游藻类年平均总数的99.58％,其中微囊藻和鱼腥藻是引起巢湖蓝藻水华的主要种类。     

Origin and fate of Lake Vostok water frozen to the base of the East Antarctic ice sheet

The subglacial Lake Vostok may be a unique reservoir of genetic material and it may contain organisms with distinct adaptations, but it has yet to be explored directly. The lake and the overlying ice sheet are closely linked, as the ice-sheet thickness drives the lake circulation, while melting and freezing at the ice-sheet base will control the flux of water, biota and sediment through the lake. Here we present a reconstruction of the ice flow trajectories for the Vostok core site, using ice-penetrating radar data and Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements of surface ice velocity. We find that the ice sheet has a significant along-lake flow component, persistent since the Last Glacial Maximum. The rates at which ice is frozen (accreted) to the base of the ice sheet are greatest at the shorelines, and the accreted ice layer is subsequently transported out of the lake. Using these new flow field and velocity measurements, we estimate the time for ice to traverse Lake Vostok to be 16,000-20,000 years. We infer that most Vostok ice analysed to date was accreted to the ice sheet close to the western shoreline, and is therefore not representative of open lake conditions. From the amount of accreted lake water we estimate to be exported along the southern shoreline, the lake water residence time is about 13,300 years.     

基于TM/ETM+遥感影像的达里湖补给源研究

以近十年的多时相Land Sat TM/ETM+影像为数据源,从面积、变化率等方面对湖泊的变化过程进行研究,并结合达里湖流域临近四个雨量站的降雨量、蒸发量数据进行分析.结果表明,达里湖从2003—2013年湖面面积不断减小,面积由204.11 km2减小到180.02 km2,面积减少了24.09 km2,平均每年减少2.41 km2;近十年来,达里湖流域降雨量波动较大,但是没有明显减少趋势,流域蒸发量波动较小且远大于当地降雨量.分析达里湖流域湖泊面积变化与降雨量和蒸发量的关系显示,降雨量并非湖泊面积变化的决定性因素,蒸发量对湖泊面积变化影响较小.达里湖除接受降水补给外,还接受地下水的补给,且地下水可能并非来自当地降水.     

鄱阳湖水利枢纽工程对水生生物影响的探讨

鄱阳湖水利枢纽工程是鄱阳湖生态经济区一个重要组成部分,是坚持生态立省的一项重大战略举措。水利枢纽工程方案实施后,仍有长达半年多的"江湖"隔断时间,其水位将常年维持在16.0 m左右,这将直接淹没16.0 m以下的在天然状态下随着枯洪季节而变化形成的草滩、沼泽和浅水洼地等独特湿地自然景观,湖泊水域面积增大,洲滩湿地面积减少,从而对鄱阳湖水生生物环境带来不确定的影响。通过工程可能对浮游生物、底栖生物、水生植物、鱼类及珍稀生物的影响进行分析和探讨,认为工程实施后,一方面整个湖区水体初级生产力提高,饵料生物资源量较建坝前会有较大的增加,水生维管束植物会发生结构调整和生物量变化,底栖生物有增大的趋势。枯水期的蓄水可使鄱阳湖多年平均浅层水面扩大;内湖水位稳定,有利于湖区鱼类资源可持续发展和生态环境保护。江湖季节性连通有利于保持长江与鄱阳湖物种遗传与生态的联系。     

运用主成分分析法评价贵州草海水质污染

近年来草海环境污染日趋严重,也引起人们的广泛关注。本文采用主成分分析法,对草海23个采样点的CODMn、BOD5、NH3-N、COD、TP、TN、DO共7个水质指标的实测数据进行了分析计算,提取前四个主成分对草海水体的污染程度进行定量化评价分级,评价草海主要污染物的污染程度。分析结果表明,草海的主要污染因子是CODMn、BOD5、TN、TP、COD,草海湖内水体污染程度具有上游污染较下游轻的明显的区域差异,水体污染主要受外源污染。草海水体的污染源主要是威宁县城居民生活污水和草海周边农业污染源,降低生活污染和科学使用农药及化肥是改善草海水质的重要途径。     

Pollen assemblage characteristics of lakes in the monsoon fringe area of China

This paper presents the pollen assemblages from 108 surface sediment samples from 4 lakes （the Lake Daihai, Lake Hongjiannao, Lake Hulunnao and Lake Duikounao） in the monsoon fringe area of China. The herb pollen taxa Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae, Poaceae and Compositae are the major components of pollen assemblages of the 4 lakes and Pinus, Betula, Quercus, Ulmus, Populus, Ostryopsis and Elaeagnaceae are frequently presented, which reflect regional and local vegetation well. The mean similarity coefficients for samples from the Lake Daihai, Lake Hongjiannao, Lake Hulunnao and Lake Duikounao are 0.66±0.17, 0.71±0.11,0.73±0.12 and 0.67±0.12 respectively, so pollen assemblages are relatively consistent in each lake, which shows that focusing and mixing effects have occurred before and after pollen deposition. However, pollen assemblages do differ between sampling sites in each lake. The largest difference is seen in the Lake Daihai, followed by the Lake Duikounao, Lake Hulunnao and Lake Hongjiannao （The mean Euclidean distance is 20.09 ± 11.11, 11.22 ± 3.64, 10.67 ± 4.03 and 8.44 ± 4.51 respectively）. These differences are possibly caused by the differences of focusing and mixing effects, pollen source areas, drainage areas and regional vegetation compositions. The Lake Daihai and Lake Hongjiannao have water deeper than 5 m and strong re-suspension, focusing and mixing effects occur in the lakeshore and shallow water areas, where pollen concentrations are lower than in deeper lake areas. In the Lake Hulunnao and Lake Duikounao, with depths less than 5 m, re-suspension and mixing effects are obvious across the whole lake area, so pollen assemblages and pollen concentrations are more consistent among sampling sites in each lake. Comparison between the lake samples and samples from the inflowing river reveals that wind is primary pollen transportation force in the Lake Hongjiannao, where the consistency of pollen assemblage is conspicuous, while there is greater variation in lakes where pollen input is do     

Quantitative reconstruction of the paleosalinity in the Daihai Lake, Inner Mongolia, China

Ostracods are small bivalved aquatic crustaceans. They secrete shells of low-Mg calcite that are often preserved in lake sediments. Recent work has shown that the uptake of trace elements (especially Mg and Sr) into the shell may be a function of the salinity and temperature of the host water. We measured Sr/Ca ratios in living ostracod valves from the species of genus Limnocythere cf. inopinata and Sr²⁺/Ca²⁺ ratios of the host water to calculate distribution coefficient of genus Limnocythere cf. inopinata in the Daihai Lake. A function for Sr²⁺/Ca²⁺ ratio and salinity was established by measuring a series of Sr²⁺/Ca²⁺ ratios and salinities of the lake water in different places of the Daihai Lake. Finally paleosalinities of the lake water were quantitatively reconstructed by the Sr/Ca ratios of ostracod shells of the same species in sediment core of the Daihai Lake.     

南湖疏浚后底泥中氮、磷分布规律研究

为了解疏浚后南湖底泥中氮磷等营养元素的分布规律,选取湖泊周围及中心6处取样。通过实验测定底泥中总磷、总氮含量,发现：（1）在疏浚后,湖泊底泥中氮磷含量仍然很高,比大型浅水湖底泥中含量要高得多;（2）从水平分布来看,湖泊四周的氮、磷营养元素含量比湖中心处要高,且西部自北向南形成较高区域,、整个湖泊各监测点处总氮含量要比总磷含量高得多;（3）从垂直分布看,湖泊底泥中营养元素在表层下约100cm处达到最大值,总氮、总磷含量随深度的变化关系并不单一的增减。底泥疏浚时,需考虑合理的疏浚深度。     

Urea excretion as a strategy for survival in a fish living in a very alkaline environment

Ammonia is toxic to all vertebrates. It can be converted to the less toxic urea, but this is a metabolically expensive process found only in terrestrial vertebrates that cannot readily excrete ammonia and marine fish that use urea as an osmotic filler. Freshwater fish mostly excrete ammonia with only a small quantity of urea. It seems the ornithine cycle for urea production has been suppressed in all freshwater teleosts except for some airbreathers which, when exposed to air, increase urea synthesis via the cycle. Here we show that the tilapia fish Oreochromis alcalicus grahami, the only fish living in Lake Magadi, an alkaline soda lake (pH = 9.6-10) in the Kenyan Rift Valley, excretes exclusively urea and has ornithine-urea cycle enzymes in its liver. A closely related species that lives in water at pH 7.1 lacks these enzymes and excretes mainly ammonia with small amounts of urea produced via uricolysis. It dies within 60 min when placed in water from Lake Magadi. We suggest that urea production via the ornithine-urea cycle permits O. a. grahami to survive the very alkaline conditions in Lake Magadi.