混合动力挖掘机回转制动能量回收系统建模与试验研究

为了回收液压挖掘机回转阶段的制动能量,对挖掘机典型作业工况及能耗进行分析,设计一种以液压马达+电机为回收方式、超级电容为储能元件的回转制动能量回收方案。构建回转制动能量回收系统中发动机、电机、回收马达、超级电容等关键元件数学模型,在对回转运动状态确认与能量回收模式切换、回收电机力矩输出控制和超级电容SOC判断的基础上,建立能量回收系统的仿真模型,以挖掘机实际载荷谱为输入对系统能量回收效果进行仿真分析。搭建挖掘机回转制动能量回收系统试验平台,对该试验系统的能量回收效果和回转驱动性能进行试验研究。研究结果表明:该能量回收方案可行,在不影响挖掘机回转驱动性能的同时,平台回转制动能量回收效率可达到40%以上。     

液压混合动力挖掘机的能量回收效率分析

为提高挖掘机的燃油经济性并降低排放,采用基于压力共轨(CPR)的配置方式构造液压混合动力挖掘机,并针对回转系统耗能大且能量回收潜力大的特点,利用Simula-tion X对回转系统建立仿真模型,分析了影响能量回收效率的主要因素.结果表明,所提出的挖掘机回转系统在制动时不仅可以有效地完成能量的回收,而且能量回收效率随液压蓄能器容积和回转系统制动前速度的增大而增加.文中还通过模拟实验对仿真得出的结论进行了验证,发现实验结果与仿真结果相吻合.     

液压混合动力挖掘机回转装置控制方式的研究

为了降低挖掘机的燃油消耗,提高整机作业效率,提出了一种基于液压混合动力技术的挖掘机动力系统节能方案.该方案采用液压泵/马达独立驱动回转装置,可保证发动机工作于最佳燃油工作区,同时结合挖掘机回转装置的作业工况,通过分析液压混合动力系统的特点,对回转装置的控制方式进行了设计.针对回转系统参数的不确定性,设计了智能比例-积分-微分(PID)的分段变结构控制器,并通过仿真和模拟试验平台验证了控制器的有效性和适用性.研究结果表明,智能PID转矩控制方式更适合于回转装置的作业要求,相对于转速控制方式,系统响应速度快,回转装置运动控制平稳,能量回收率高,达到了理想的控制效果.     

液压挖掘机回转系统启动性能的仿真研究

液压挖掘机回转系统启动过程中存在严重溢流损失,提高启动速度和减小溢流损失很难同时实现,尤其是对于中大型液压挖掘机。利用AMESim和ADAMS仿真软件,建立挖掘机回转系统的机---液联合仿真模型,分析相关参数对回转启动性能的影响,通过优化系统参数,减小启动溢流损失的同时提高了启动速度。     

液压挖掘机工作机构的动臂势能回收

针对液压挖掘机动臂机构下放时产生大量能量损失问题,提出一种利用蓄能器作为储能元件的新型动臂势能回收液压系统;应用ADAMS和AMEsim软件建立该势能回收系统的联合仿真模型,通过实车试验对仿真结果进行验证,针对柱塞马达转速大及能量转换机构效率低这一问题,对势能回收液压系统进行改进,对柱塞马达进行参数匹配。结果表明:动臂势能回收率为22.6%;仿真与试验结果的误差为8.84%,论证了液压系统的合理性,以及联合仿真模型准确、可信性;柱塞马达最大转速由3 626.5 r/min减小至2 955.1 r/min,能量转换机构的效率由85%增大至91%。     

新型液压挖掘机回转驱动系统仿真

为了使液压挖掘机达到节能的目的,提出基于蓄能器能量回收和正负流量相结合的变量泵控制的节能驱动方法.考虑到发动机倒拖、大惯性负载引起的反转问题,以及变量泵和负载的流量匹配等问题,研究驱动系统的控制策略.建立多种驱动系统的AMESim数学模型,并进行节能效果和操控性能的仿真研究.结果表明:该系统在防反转控制和防止发动机倒拖方面均具有良好的控制效果,而蓄能器的压力在第3个工作周期后进入平衡波动状态;相对原驱动系统,新型驱动系统最大节能效果大约为36%,能量回收系统的行程效率大约为24%.     

液压挖掘机负流量控制系统的节能分析与实现

文章对挖掘机中的液压系统的节能效果进行了分析;建立了基于六通型多路阀的电液比例负流量控制系统的控制模型,提出了该系统节能控制的设计原则,并对此模型进行了计算机仿真计算;在自行研制的试验样机上进行的试验表明,该控制系统具有显著的节能和调速性能。     

泵阀双源协同驱动多执行器系统特性研究

针对工程机械等多执行器复合作业装备中阀控系统节流损失严重、泵控系统装机功率过大的问题,提出一种泵阀双源协同驱动多执行器系统。首先对不同系统能效机理进行理论分析,明确了载荷差异造成阀控系统大量节流损失的根本原因是各执行器驱动腔压力不同。在此基础上,设计了基于所提系统的极低压损控制策略。然后,借助SimulationX仿真软件,建立了37 t液压挖掘机仿真模型,通过试验验证了模型的准确性,并进一步建立了泵阀双源协同驱动和电液流量匹配系统液压挖掘机联合仿真模型。最后,分析对比动臂和铲斗空载复合动作工况下,所提系统与电液流量匹配系统的运行特性和能量特性。结果表明：与电液流量匹配系统相比,所提系统显著改善了重载执行器响应滞后现象,提升了系统运行平稳性,同时大幅降低了载荷差异造成的轻载执行器回路压力损失,整机节流损失和能耗分别降低了67.2%和39.8%。本研究可为降低多执行器复合作业装备节流损失提供全新的解决方案。     

基于液压变压器的直线执行机构的节能研究

液压变压器在理论上能够无节流损失地控制直线执行机构的运动速度,而且能够回收负负载的能量,为了提高液压变压器的能量利用效率,文中设计了节能系统的总效率模型,以总效率最高为目标,采用优化算法计算出液压蓄能器容积的数值,分析了气体压力在回收能量过程中的变化曲线,完成了对液压蓄能器的参数匹配;建立了节能系统的Simulink模型,采用模糊PID控制策略对负载下降时的运动速度进行控制。仿真结果表明,该控制策略能够很好地实现对负载运动速度的控制。     

液压挖掘机混合动力系统节能特性及试验研究

针对目前液压挖掘机能量利用率低、油耗高的问题,分析挖掘机在典型作业工况下的能量损耗,确定混合动力系统进行节能研究的重要方向.根据混合动力挖掘机的特点,提出基于超级电容与电机的并联式油电混合动力系统方案,以山河智能公司20吨级液压挖掘机为平台建立系统仿真模型,对系统动力耦合特性、控制策略及超级电容SOC等因素给混合动力挖掘机节能效果带来的影响进行理论计算和仿真分析,并对系统关键参数进行了优化匹配.搭建液压挖掘机混合动力系统试验平台,对系统的节能效果进行试验验证.研究结果表明,采用油电并联混合动力系统,并选择合适的动力耦合参数、瞬时优化控制策略及超级电容SOC补偿参数有利于提高液压挖掘机的节能指标,节能效率可改善20%以上.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to