19．6μm内径的微石英管内部流动与传热的实验研究

采用实验方法研究了去离子超纯水流过内径为19．6μm的微管过程中的流动与换热特性。通过测量蒸汽加热的微管进出口的压降以及温度,得到了微管内去离子水流动的摩擦系数和Nu数,并对结果进行了分析。研究结果表明,在粘性耗散效应以及双电层效应的综合影响下微管内的摩擦系数要高于Hagen—Poiseulle理论值;而由于受流体热物性变化以及共轭传热的影响,当Re数小于400时实验测得的Nu数要低于经典层流管流的理论值。     

恒壁温下梯形硅微通道热沉流动换热特性

建立了恒壁温条件下微通道中层流流动换热的三维模型,对水力直径分别为108,160和200μm的梯形硅微通道内单相流动换热特性进行了数值模拟研究.研究结果表明:在恒壁温条件下,通道入口段Nu数最大,并沿流程逐渐减小,直至达到充分发展时,Nu数趋于定值;与大管道经典理论不同,充分发展段Nu数随Re数的增加而增加;通道尺度的减小能有效强化换热;恒壁温条件下的平均Nu数总是低于恒热流条件下平均Nu数.同时,对流动阻力损失的研究发现,Poiseuille数与经典值基本吻合.     

水平微细圆柱表面与水自然对流换热的实验研究

采用焦耳加热法对不同尺寸的水平微细铜丝在水中加热,并将实验得到的努谢尔特数Nu与常规尺寸下经典准则关系式的计算值比较.实验结果表明,在相同壁面过热度下,实验Nu数要小于经典准则关系式的计算值,并且实验Nu数几乎保持不变.这说明微细铜丝与水的换热由对流为主转变为对流与导热共同作用为主或是纯导热,从而导致了实验值小于常规尺寸下的理论计算值.     

微槽板内的对流换热和流动特性

在单相强迫对流情况下,对刻有水力直径为0.133mm～0.367mm微矩形槽的微槽结构进行了换热和流动特性实验研究。研究发现,层流换热受槽道高宽比、水力直径与槽间距比值影响,而紊流换热则与水力直径、槽间距和无量纲参数Z有关,对紊流换热而言Z=0.5是最佳参数.实验表明Z对流动阻力因子亦有很大影响,层流情况下当Z为0.5时,摩擦因子或流动阻力都可达最小值;紊流流动阻力比经典理论预示值小,流动向充分发展紊流过渡的临界Re数也比常规值小。文中给出了计算换热和阻力降的经验公式。     

对流换热条件下微钢管壁面轴向导热的实验研究

以蒸馏水和氮气为工质,流过内径为168μm外径为406μm的不锈钢微管.通过直接通电法对微钢管进行加热,并采用红外成像仪及专用放大镜头来测量微钢管外壁的温度场,获得了在雷诺数恒定、不同加热功率下微钢管外壁面温度场分布.经过图像处理及修正后,得到较为精确的沿壁面的温度分布,进而求得微管沿壁面的导热量.实验结果表明,对于液体流动的微管对流换热,计算管壁的表观换热系数时可以忽略管壁轴向导热的影响.而对于微钢管的气体流动换热,在自然对流边界条件下,管壁轴向导热量与总加热量之比达到2.1%.     

滑移流区微环缝通道单侧等壁温加热下的换热

对滑移流区微环缝槽道中单独内侧及单独外侧等壁温加热条件下的换热特性进行了理论研究,求解了带温度跳跃边界条件的能量方程,讨论了稀薄效应,内外戏比对等壁温加热条件下微环缝槽道内换热特性的影响,结果表明：滑移流区微环缝通道内的Nu数明显低于连续流区,且随着Kn数的增加,Nu数减小;Nu数随内外径比r^*的变化趋势与连续流区相似。     

微管中液态流动的粘性耗散效应研究

研究了超纯水流过水力直径为25μm和50μm的光滑微石英管时的粘性耗散规律,Reynolds数变化范围为0～700．基于微区热成像技术及一系列的相应校正测试,并综合考虑泵功及流动滞止对实验偏差,采用红外成像仪测量了微管内部由于粘性耗散而导致的温升．通过建立二维数学模型,在考虑双电层效应的基础上对其进行了数值计算．研究结果表明,Reynolds数并不能作为判定粘性耗散的影响增大或减小的唯一标准,粘性耗散带来的温升是管长、管径、流体粘度以及流速的复杂函数．将数值计算结果与实验数据进行了比较,两者基本吻合．根据两者结果,提出了采用新型准则式来描述微管内部粘性规律．     

微通道中球窝/球凸强化传热特性研究

为了解决微机电系统高热流密度的散热问题,采用数值方法对在宽度为50μm、高度为200μm的矩形截面微通道内布置球窝/球凸结构的传热特性进行了研究,通道的Re为100~900,流向间距为1.5到3.5倍的球窝直径,同时研究了球窝/球凸的叉排和顺排对微通道传热特性及流动规律的影响.结果表明:在微通道内布置球窝/球凸后,Nu与光滑微通道的Nu0比值为1.28~4.77,其数值基本和常规通道范围一致;范宁摩擦系数f同光滑微通道的f0比值范围为1.11~2.04,上限与常规通道的一致,下限较之常规通道的小.随着Re的增加,Nu/Nu0和f/f0近似线性增加;相同Re下,叉排的Nu/Nu0和f/f0大于顺排;相同排列方式下,随着流向间距的减小,Nu/Nu0和f/f0增加.叉排的热性能明显优于顺排;微通道中布置球窝/球凸的节能效果明显优于常规通道中布置球窝/球凸的情况.     

梯形微通道气液分相强化换热实验研究

针对微通道换热器强化沸腾换热,提出分段式梯形换热结构,该结构可实现气泡在表面张力驱动下间断性流向通道两侧,保持中间加热区为液体,实现气液分相流动,进而强化沸腾换热性能。采用无水乙醇为工质,实验研究直肋和梯形结构铜基表面在热流密度为160~320 kW/m²和工质流量为0.4~2.0 g/s时壁温、换热系数等参数变化规律。结果表明：在饱和沸腾区,梯形分相结构可有效实现气液分离,进而降低壁面温度,大幅提高换热系数;如在25 mm位置处,5段结构换热系数比平行结构换热系数提高了60.4%;在单相加热区,换热面积为主要影响因素,直肋结构换热系数略大,但换热系数比饱和沸腾时小一个数量级。平均换热系数分析得到5段结构微通道比平行结构微通道提高了53.8%,可见分段式结构可实现气液分相流动,有效提高沸腾换热的平均换热系数,增强整体换热能力。     

玻璃微喷嘴锻制仪的设计与制备

为了制作出具有多种孔径和锥度的低成本玻璃微喷嘴,基于玻璃热变形锻制工艺,设计并制作了玻璃微喷嘴锻制仪.锻制仪主要由温度可调的加热源和可编程运动控制部分构成.首先,通过控制玻璃材料的变形长度及各部分的加热时间,得到具有不同孔径和锥度的微喷嘴.然后,以孔径200μm、内流道收缩角度15°的玻璃微喷嘴为例,在液体微喷射系统平台上进行液-液相喷射实验.实验结果表明:在1~10Hz驱动频率范围内,喷射过程中微喷嘴端口没有挂滴,喷出液滴直径约为160μm.利用玻璃微喷嘴锻制仪所制作的微喷嘴能够满足非接触式点样法制备生物芯片微阵列所要求的单滴性和稳定性.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-