铁矿石流化还原的气体利用率

通过试验求得铁矿石流化还原的开始失流温度及气体流速对它的影响。通过计算模型及试验数据得到了还原温度及气体流速对气体利用率的影响。结合两方面的工作分析了提高气体利用率的途径,讨论了降低熔融还原工艺总能耗的条件。     

颗粒粒径对流态化还原铁矿粉黏结失流的影响

采用热态可视化流化床装置，在一定表观气速条件下，研究1073 K温度时不同粒级铁矿粉的黏结失流。根据对黏结失流影响程度的不同，可将矿粉颗粒分为三个粒径区间：中性气氛升温过程中失流的小粒径颗粒；还原至较低金属化率发生失流的中间粒径颗粒；还原至高金属化率也不发生失流的大粒径颗粒。分别对他们不同的影响机理进行了分析。研究还发现在正常流化条件下，随着矿粉颗粒粒径的增大，还原失流后床层的膨胀幅度会减小。     

基于流体体积模型的放射性废树脂蒸汽重整流态化数值模拟分析

放射性废树脂蒸汽重整反应器通常采用流化床结构。树脂在流化床中达到较好的流态化是保证反应持续,提高处理效率,实现树脂减容和核素包容的关键因素。为更好地对流化床中树脂的流态化情况进行分析优化,建立了鼓泡流化床树脂蒸汽重整的计算模型,针对废树脂蒸汽重整中试流化床采用VOF模型模拟流化床内树脂蒸汽多相流动状态。重点分析了不同流化操作气速下的床层压降、床高空隙率分布,获得了不同操作气速下的树脂流化状态。数值计算分析及后续测试结果表明,采用VOF模型可较好用于废树脂鼓泡流化床的计算模拟;操作气速增加,树脂的流化状态产生明显变化;当操作气速控制在0.7m/s左右时,该中试流化床可达到最佳的流化状态。     

氢还原竖炉的模拟分析

利用一组物料、热量守衡式及其他有关约束关系,建立了氢还原竖炉模拟模型,可定量考察消耗量、生成量和氮气、CO兑入成分、DRI金属化率、入炉煤气温度等的关系。模拟结果表明:兑入CO可使入炉煤气量从纯氢还原的1 650N·m3左右下降到1 200N·m3左右;当CO和H2的体积之比V(CO)/V(H2)约为0.6时,氮气兑入量约为0,竖炉能量利用最佳;当V(CO)/V(H2)体积比为0.3时,最佳氮气兑入成分约为11%;纯氢还原最佳氮气兑入成分约为25%;兑入氮气可以减少入炉氢气的量,但不能减少入炉气体的总量。对氢还原竖炉模拟结果可为其工艺设计、操作和节能等提供参考信息。     

Kinetics and mechanism of titanium hydride powder and aluminum melt reaction

Based on the measurement of the released hydrogen gas pressure (P_H2), the reaction kinetics between TiH₂ powder and pure aluminum melt was studied at various temperatures. After cooling the samples, the interface of TiH₂ powder and aluminum melt was studied. The results show that the 2 H P_H2-time curves have three regions; in the first and second regions, the rate of reaction conforms zero and one order, respectively; in the third region, the hydrogen gas pressure remains constant and the rate of reaction reaches zero. The main factors that control the rate of reaction in the first and second regions are the penetration of hydrogen atoms in the titanium lattice and the chemical reaction between molten aluminum and titanium, respectively. According to the main factors that control the rate of reaction, three temperature ranges are considered for the reaction mechanism:(a) 700-750℃, (b) 750-800℃, and (c) 800-1000℃. In the first temperature range, the reaction is mostly under the control of chemical reaction; at the temperature range of 750 to 800℃, the reaction is controlled by the diffusion and chemical reaction; at the third temperature range (800-1000℃), the dominant controlling mechanism is diffusion.     

流化床反应器内活性焦流动特性的模拟研究

本文基于双流体模型,对二维流化床反应器内活性焦在不同操作条件下的流体动力学特性进行了数值模拟研究。模拟结果发现,低气速高进料量条件下的管内压降最大,反应器内压降随管内固相容积份额的增加而增加。活性焦在反应器内的轴向固含率呈现出下浓上稀分布,证明了流化床内固相分布的不均匀特性。颗粒轴向平均速度受表观气速影响较大,流化床底部的颗粒速度较低,在气体夹带作用下沿床高方向逐渐增大。因此,设置合理的操作参数(表观气速和固体循环量),对提高流化床内的气固反应效率具有重要意义。     

Influence of hydrogen concentration on Fe2O3 particle reduction in fluidized beds under constant drag force

The fixed-gas drag force from a model calculation method that stabilizes the agitation capabilities of different gas ratios was used to explore the influence of temperature and hydrogen concentration on fluidizing duration, metallization ratio, utilization rate of reduction gas, and sticking behavior. Different hydrogen concentrations from 5vol%to 100vol%at 1073 and 1273 K were used while the drag force with the flow of N2 and H2 (N2:2 L·min?1;H2:2 L·min?1) at 1073 K was chosen as the standard drag force. The metallization ratio, mean reduc-tion rate, and utilization rate of reduction gas were observed to generally increase with increasing hydrogen concentration. Faster reduction rates and higher metallization ratios were obtained when the reduction temperature decreased from 1273 to 1073 K. A numerical relation among particle diameter, particle drag force, and fluidization state was plotted in a diagram by this model.     

CH4／CO2催化重整制取合成气

采用微型固定床反应装置,评价了现有工业上７种催化剂。考察了３７７１的焙烧温度、焙烧时间、还原温度、不 及反应温度对ＣＨ４／ＣＯ２催化重整反应性能的影响。使用该催化剂合成气的收率最高。     

The effect of biomass pyrolysis gas reburning on N<Subscript>2</Subscript>O emission in a coal-fired fluidized bed boiler

The fossil fuel consumption and pollutant emissions in a coal fired fluidized bed boiler could be reduced by biomass pyrolysis gas reburning. The influence of three kinds of biomass pyrolysis gases on the emission of N₂O in a laboratory scale fluidized bed was investigated using the mechanism of GRI3.0 in this paper. The results showed that: the effect of sawdust pyrolysis gas reburning on N₂O was more significant than that of rice husk and orange peel under the same conditions; the increase of initial oxygen content from 1% to 8% in flue gas would restrain the decomposition of N₂O; the N₂O decomposition was enhanced by increasing reaction temperature from 1073.15 K to 1323.15 K, and the decomposition rate may reach 99% at 1223.15 K.     

COREX-3000竖炉炉顶布料过程的DEM仿真

COREX-3000预还原竖炉内的煤气流分布直接影响着煤气利用率、直接还原铁的金属化率和炉料顺行,而炉顶布料制度是调节煤气流分布的主要手段.基于离散颗粒动力学原理,建立COREX-3000竖炉布料的DEM数值模型,确定了模型参数,并对布料过程中的颗粒速度变化和颗粒分布情况,以及形成料堆的料面形状和料堆结构进行了颗粒尺度的分析.模拟结果表明混装布料时,粒径小、密度大的矿物颗粒易于穿过表层的大粒径、密度小的燃料颗粒层,从而表现出在料堆的表层大颗粒富集.     

Phase transformation and reduction kinetics during the hydrogen reduction of ilmenite concentrate

The reduction of ilmenite concentrate by hydrogen gas was investigated in the temperature range of 500 to 1200℃. The microstructure and phase transition of the reduction products were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and optical microscopy (OM). It was found that the weight loss and iron metallization rate increased with the increase of reduction temperature and reaction time. The iron metallization rate could reach 87.5% when the sample was reduced at 1150℃ for 80 min. The final phase constituents mainly consist of Fe, M₃O₅ solid solution phase (M=Mg, Ti, and Fe), and few titanium oxide. Microstructure analysis shows that the surfaces of the reduction products have many holes and cracks and the reactions take place from the exterior of the grain to its interior. The kinetics of reduction indicates that the rate-controlling step is diffusion process control with the activation energy of 89 kJ·mol-1.     

Gas-based reduction of vanadium titano-magnetite concentrate: behavior and mechanisms

The reduction of vanadium titano-magnetite pellets by H₂-CO at temperatures from 850 to 1050℃ was investigated in this paper. The influences of pre-oxidation treatment, reduction temperature, and V_H2/(V_H2 + V_CO) on the metallization degree were studied. The results showed that pre-oxidation played a substantial role in the reduction of vanadium titano-magnetite pellets. During the reduction process, the metallization degree increased with increasing temperature and increasing V_H2/(V_H2 + V_CO). The phase transformation of pre-oxidized vanadium titano-magnetite pellets during the reduction process under an H₂ atmosphere and a CO atmosphere was discussed, and the reduced samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in conjunction with back scatter electron (BSE) imaging. The results show that the difference in thermodynamic reducing ability between H₂ and CO is not the only factor that leads to differences in the reduction results obtained using different atmospheres. Some of Fe_3-xTi_xO₄ cannot be reduced under a CO atmosphere because of the densification of particles' structure and because of the enrichment of Mg in unreacted cores. By contrast, a loose structure of particles was obtained when the pellets were reduced under an H₂ atmosphere and this structure decreased the resistance to gas diffusion. Moreover, the phenomenon of Mg enrichment in unreacted cores disappeared during H₂ reduction. Both the lower resistance to gas diffusion and the lack of Mg enrichment facilitated the reduction of vanadium titano-magnetite.     

Kinetic study on the reaction between CO2-CO and wustite using the isotope exchange method

To investigate the reaction between CO₂-CO and wustite using the isotope exchange method at 1073, 1173, 1273, and 1373 K, the experiment apparatus was designed to simulate the fluidized bed. The chemical rate constant was estimated by considering the effect of gas phase mass transfer on the reaction. It is found that the chemical rate constant is inversely decreased with the increase in the ratio of CO₂/CO by volume. The activation energy of reaction is in a linear relationship with the ratio of CO₂/CO by volume, and the average activation energy is 155.37 kJ/mol.     

氯甲烷表观气速对流化床合成甲基氯硅烷的影响

与搅拌床相比,流化床具有良好的传热性能和传质性能。将流化床用于直接法合成甲基氯硅烷,能明显提高甲基氯硅烷的生产能力。氯甲烷表观气速是流化床关键的操作参数,本文着重讨论氯甲烷表观气速对床层温度分布、反应温度控制及反应器稳定性的影响。     

低品位软锰矿流态化还原焙烧

采用流化床和马弗炉,进行了流态化还原焙烧与静态堆积焙烧对比实验,前者还原焙烧时间和还原效率明显优于后者．以CO和N2分别作为还原气体和流体介质进行了流态化还原焙烧实验,考察焙烧温度、焙烧时间和还原气氛等对还原效率的影响．在焙烧温度800℃、焙烧时间3min以及CO体积分数10％时,软锰矿中二氧化锰的还原效率大于97％．在此基础上导出了还原动力学方程,并证实还原过程由界面化学反应控制,求得表观活化能为38．817kJ·mol^-1.     

CuO/CeO2催化剂在温度变动过程中的CO-PROX催化性能

采用浸渍方法制备不同Cu/Ce原子比的CuO/CeO₂催化剂,用于富氢气体中CO优先氧化反应(CO-PROX),考察其在温度变动情况下的催化性能. 利用X射线衍射(XRD)、程序升温还原(TPR)方法对反应前后催化剂样品进行了表征. XRD测试表明,催化反应后的催化剂中有金属Cu0生成. 这与文献结果一致. 与不含CO₂的情况比较,当模拟富氢气体中含有CO₂时,低温段催化活性明显下降. Cu/Ce原子比为10%的催化剂在温度变动过程中具有较稳定的催化性能.      

过热蒸汽流化床制备粒状磷酸一铵成粒条件实验研究

在底部直径为120mm的锥形流化床中,以过热蒸汽为流化介质,研究了流化氨化造粒制备粒状磷酸一铵的成粒条件。实验考察了喷淋密度、床层温度及流化气速等因素对成粒过程的影响,分析了磷酸一铵颗粒层式生长与团聚生长的机理,并给出了两种生长成粒的操作条件。     

渣油加氢微膨胀床反应器中的气液流动状态及床层膨胀率

在常温常压下用模拟渣油和模拟氢气近似模拟了微膨胀床渣油加氢处理反应器内的气液流动状态,考察了催化剂粒径和堆密度、虚拟气液流速以及催化剂装填高度对催化剂床层膨胀率的影响。实验结果表明:大粒径、低堆密度的催化剂床层膨胀率较高;虚拟气速与床层膨胀率关系曲线上存在拐点,拐点值随催化剂装填高度增加而增大;虚拟液体流速对催化剂床层膨胀率影响较小;在工业操作条件下,微膨胀床渣油加氢处理反应器的催化剂床层膨胀率小于10%;催化剂装填高度对床层膨胀率有明显的影响,催化剂装填量较大时,需要采用较高的气油比才能保证催化剂床层处于微膨胀状态。     

环形流化床生物质热裂解反应器的传热分析

 环形流化床热裂解反应器结构紧凑,热效率较高,具有良好的应用前景.本研究对环形流化床内传热过程进行分析.利用解析法,构建了环形反应器稳态传热的计算模型,并用C语言进行编程和求解,得出了反应器各参数随流化气速变化的关系.同时,应用数值法得出相应流化气速下反应器热量损失与壁面温度,并与解析法进行对比.结果显示,反应器在流化气速为0.02~0.24m/s下工作时,随着流化气速的升高,总传热系数上升,燃烧室外壁面温度降低,保温层表面温度升高,单位长度上的热损失呈上升趋势.与传统流化床反应器相比,环形流化床反应器的热损失较低.解析法与数值法得出的结果具有较高吻合性,对于流化床反应器内传热效果的分析具有指导性意义.     

加煤铬铁矿粉流化床流化性质和还原行为

探讨了粉状铬铁矿在流化床内的流化性质、还原过程和加煤条件。通过实验,得到流化过程中煤粉与铬铁矿粉的相对分布规律,给出使煤粉沿流化床高度方向较均匀分布的条件,测试了流化还原气组成、空塔流速、外配煤量、还原时间及还原温度等因素对铬铁矿粉化还原的影响规律。给出还原条件局部优化结果。