微波背景观测与早期宇宙研究

微波背景观测与早期宇宙研究尚处于学科发展的初期阶段,对探测方法、背景(前景)处理、系统误差及结果可靠性的认识都有待深入.发现微波探测卫星WMAP公布的宇宙微波背景辐射温度图存在严重的系统误差后,几年来我们重新进行了数据分析,修正了时钟同步、天线旁瓣误差导致的伪偶极信号,得到的背景辐射温度图和功率谱与WMAP发布的结果有重大差异,引起了广泛关注,讨论和争论.本文概述有关工作及论争的过程与现状,及其对于早期宇宙研究的影响.     

3K：宇宙微波背景辐射

宇宙微波背景辐射（CMBR）是宇宙大爆炸留下的遗迹。宇宙中的光子在红移约为1100左有时和其它的重子物质发生了退耦，逐渐失去了和重子物质相互反应的热平衡过程，于是随着宇宙的演化而冷却下来，到今天的温度大约为3K。在微波背景的研究中，     

宇宙微波背景辐射对超高能宇宙线流强的影响

文章指出：（１）在Ｅ＝５＊１０＾１９ｅＶ附近，对所有ｘ（ｘ是宇宙线飞行的距离），超高能宇宙线流强略有增强；（２）在１．０＊１０＾２０ｅＶ≤Ｅ≤５．０＊１０＾２４ｅＶ能区内，宇宙微波背景辐射的作用仅使超高能宇宙线流强有所减弱，在ｘ≤２０００Ｍｐｃ区域内，减弱系数Ｆ（Ｘ，Ｅ）＝ｊ（ｘ，Ｅ）／ｊ（０，Ｅ）≥０．３４。     

宇宙背景辐射下太阳电磁辐射

宇宙中存在着温度为3K的背景辐射,故在宇宙中太阳的电磁辐射不会无穷远。利用字宙学的结果计算了微波背景辐射下太阳辐射的射程,并与地球大气中的情况做了比较。计算表明,宇宙中的辐射距离大约是地球大气中辐射距离的1亿倍。     

磷酸钴纳米粒子的微波辐射制备法

介绍用微波辐射法对磷酸钴纳米粒子的制备方法和分离方法.并对磷酸钴纳米粒子进行了结构和组成的测试,讨论了影响粒子形成的主要因素.通过实验得到了平均粒径为50.64nm的球形微粒的磷酸钴纳米粒子.     

Gpc径向尺度以上哥白尼原理的验证

哥白尼原理是现代宇宙学的基石之一.但是,Gpc径向尺度以上的哥白尼原理几乎没有得到确证.如果该类哥白尼原理遭到破坏,就会产生一阶各向异性运动学SZ（Sunyaev Zel＇dovich）效应.我们证明,如果这种破坏达到能够取代暗能量解释宇宙＂加速＂膨胀的程度,产生的运动学SZ效应功率谱将远远超出ACT/SPT实验的上限.该检验排除了空洞模型解释宇宙＂加速＂膨胀的可能性,证实了Gpc径向尺度以上的哥白尼原理,弥补了标准宇宙学中的一个漏洞.     

宇宙“暴涨”重大发现不排除出错

3个月前公布的一项＂诺贝尔奖级＂重大发现——宇宙＂暴涨＂证据也许存在问题。同一科研团队在20日发表的最新论文中承认,不能排除他们有关宇宙原初引力波的发现错了。美国哈佛-史密森天体物理学中心等机构的科学家在新一期《物理学评论通讯》上报告说,他们依然坚持最初的结论,即他们利用架设在南极的BICEP2望远镜,在宇宙大爆炸的＂余烬＂——微波背景辐射中,观测到一种叫做B模式的特殊偏振模式,这种偏振模式是长期寻找的原初引力波的“独特印记＂。     

广义对称性原理

本文依照自然界的共同性质—对称性,自然科学的研究结果,结合笔者的知识,从中归纳并总结出广义对称性,为广大自然界的任何规律和范围概括出普适性的广义对称性原理,并尝试运用这一原理对世界性的两个物理难题(统一自然力,宇宙的起点)进行了初步的探索。     

微波辐射下1,3—双（苯硫基）—2—丙醇的合成

在微波辐射下合成了１３双（苯硫基）２丙醇，并讨论了其反应机理．     

关于在CPT对称引用新的对称变换H

粒子在CPT变换下不守恒的表现，我们引入一个H变换后能使粒子有CPTH变换下的守恒性。     

A flat Universe from high-resolution maps of the cosmic microwave background radiation

The blackbody radiation left over from the Big Bang has been transformed by the expansion of the Universe into the nearly isotropic 2.73 K cosmic microwave background. Tiny inhomogeneities in the early Universe left their imprint on the microwave background in the form of small anisotropies in its temperature. These anisotropies contain information about basic cosmological parameters, particularly the total energy density and curvature of the Universe. Here we report the first images of resolved structure in the microwave background anisotropies over a significant part of the sky. Maps at four frequencies clearly distinguish the microwave background from foreground emission. We compute the angular power spectrum of the microwave background, and find a peak at Legendre multipole Ipeak = (197 +/- 6), with an amplitude delta T200 = (69 +/- 8) microK. This is consistent with that expected for cold dark matter models in a flat (euclidean) Universe, as favoured by standard inflationary models.     

The cosmic microwave background radiation temperature at a redshift of 2.34

The existence of the cosmic microwave background radiation is a fundamental prediction of hot Big Bang cosmology, and its temperature should increase with increasing redshift. At the present time (redshift z = 0), the temperature has been determined with high precision to be T(CMBR)(0) = 2.726 +/- 0.010 K. In principle, the background temperature can be determined using measurements of the relative populations of atomic fine-structure levels, which are excited by the background radiation. But all previous measurements have achieved only upper limits, thus still formally permitting the radiation temperature to be constant with increasing redshift. Here we report the detection of absorption lines from the first and second fine-structure levels of neutral carbon atoms in an isolated cloud of gas at z = 2.3371. We also detected absorption due to several rotational transitions of molecular hydrogen, and fine-structure lines of singly ionized carbon. These constraints enable us to determine that the background radiation was indeed warmer in the past: we find that T(CMBR)(z = 2.3371) is between 6.0 and 14 K. This is in accord with the temperature of 9.1 K predicted by hot Big Bang cosmology.     

A correlation between the cosmic microwave background and large-scale structure in the Universe

Observations of distant supernovae and the fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) indicate that the expansion of the Universe may be accelerating under the action of a 'cosmological constant' or some other form of 'dark energy'. This dark energy now appears to dominate the Universe and not only alters its expansion rate, but also affects the evolution of fluctuations in the density of matter, slowing down the gravitational collapse of material (into, for example, clusters of galaxies) in recent times. Additional fluctuations in the temperature of CMB photons are induced as they pass through large-scale structures and these fluctuations are necessarily correlated with the distribution of relatively nearby matter. Here we report the detection of correlations between recent CMB data and two probes of large-scale structure: the X-ray background and the distribution of radio galaxies. These correlations are consistent with those predicted by dark energy, indicating that we are seeing the imprint of dark energy on the growth of structure in the Universe.     

平面对称黑洞的隧穿辐射特征的研究

采用Parikh的半经典量子隧穿模型,研究了Antide Sitter时空中的平面对称黑洞的量子隧穿效应.结果表明,在能量守恒的条件下,此黑洞事件视界处粒子的隧穿率与BekensteinHawking熵变有关,真实的辐射谱不再是纯热谱,但满足量子力学中的么正性原理.     

Detection of polarization in the cosmic microwave background using DASI. Degree Angular Scale Interferometer

The past several years have seen the emergence of a standard cosmological model, in which small temperature differences in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation on angular scales of the order of a degree are understood to arise from acoustic oscillations in the hot plasma of the early Universe, arising from primordial density fluctuations. Within the context of this model, recent measurements of the temperature fluctuations have led to profound conclusions about the origin, evolution and composition of the Universe. Using the measured temperature fluctuations, the theoretical framework predicts the level of polarization of the CMB with essentially no free parameters. Therefore, a measurement of the polarization is a critical test of the theory and thus of the validity of the cosmological parameters derived from the CMB measurements. Here we report the detection of polarization of the CMB with the Degree Angular Scale Interferometer (DASI). The polarization is deteced with high confidence, and its level and spatial distribution are in excellent agreement with the predictions of the standard theory.     

Dodecahedral space topology as an explanation for weak wide-angle temperature correlations in the cosmic microwave background

The current 'standard model' of cosmology posits an infinite flat universe forever expanding under the pressure of dark energy. First-year data from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) confirm this model to spectacular precision on all but the largest scales. Temperature correlations across the microwave sky match expectations on angular scales narrower than 60 degrees but, contrary to predictions, vanish on scales wider than 60 degrees. Several explanations have been proposed. One natural approach questions the underlying geometry of space--namely, its curvature and topology. In an infinite flat space, waves from the Big Bang would fill the universe on all length scales. The observed lack of temperature correlations on scales beyond 60 degrees means that the broadest waves are missing, perhaps because space itself is not big enough to support them. Here we present a simple geometrical model of a finite space--the Poincaré dodecahedral space--which accounts for WMAP's observations with no fine-tuning required. The predicted density is Omega(0) approximately 1.013 > 1, and the model also predicts temperature correlations in matching circles on the sky.     

复动力系统生成循环群和二面体群对称图像

探讨了从动力系统角度生成具有循环群和二面体群对称性图像的轨迹井方法,并给出了构造对称轨迹井的理论依据.构造具有Cn和Dn对称性的函数作为迭代函数系统,对生成的点序列进行轨迹井跟踪,同时结合调色板技术提出一种新的绘色算法,生成具有很强艺术效果的Cn和Dn对称性图像.