用自身血清抗体筛选人肝细胞肝癌抗原

为了从分子水平上筛选肝细胞肝癌抗原，应用作者所在实验室创建的“重组克隆表达抗原的血清学鉴定技术”（ＳＥＲＥＸｓｅｒｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｉｎｄｅｎｔｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆａｎｔｉｇｅｎｓｂｙｒｅｃｏｍｂｉｎａｎｔｅｘｐｒｅｓｉｏｎｃｌｏｎｉｎｇ）筛选人肝细胞肝癌（ＨＣＣ）组织构建的ｃＤＮＡ文库，发现了许多与病人，自身血清高滴度抗体反应的克隆。应用多种异体（其他ＨＣＣ病人，多种非ＨＣＣ肿瘤病人，Ｂ型、Ｃ型病毒性肝炎病人，肝硬化病人以及健康人）血清反应分析表明，高滴度抗体反应多数出现在ＨＣＣ病人。参照基因库寻找这些克隆的同源结构，发现其中许多抗原为至今未知基因所编码。进一步的血清和抗原分子分析将为ＨＣＣ特异免疫治疗和诊断提供基础资料     

Proteasome subunits encoded by the major histocompatibility complex are not essential for antigen presentation.

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules bind and deliver peptides derived from endogenously synthesized proteins to the cell surface for survey by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. It is believed that endogenous antigens are generally degraded in the cytosol, the resulting peptides being translocated into the endoplasmic reticulum where they bind to MHC class I molecules. Transporters containing an ATP-binding cassette encoded by the MHC class II region seem to be responsible for this transport. Genes coding for two subunits of the '20S' proteasome (a multicatalytic proteinase) have been found in the vicinity of the two transporter genes in the MHC class II region, indicating that the proteasome could be the unknown proteolytic entity in the cytosol involved in the generation of MHC class I-binding peptides. By introducing rat genes encoding the MHC-linked transporters into a human cell line lacking both transporter and proteasome subunit genes, we show here that the MHC-encoded proteasome subunit are not essential for stable MHC class I surface expression, or for processing and presentation of antigenic peptides from influenza virus and an intracellular protein.     

Identification of classical minor histocompatibility antigen as cell-derived peptide.

Histocompatibility antigens expressed on tissue grafted between individuals are recognized by host T cells, which reject the graft. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens have been identified on the molecular level, whereas the molecules representing the remaining ones, the minor histocompatibility antigens, are unknown, apart from some exceptions. The cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against minor histocompatibility antigens shares many aspects with that against virus-infected cells. Virus-specific CTL recognize peptides derived from viral proteins produced in the infected cell. These peptides are presented by MHC class I molecules, as indicated by functional and crystallographic data. By analogy, minor histocompatibility antigens have been postulated to be peptides derived from normal cellular proteins presented by MHC class I molecules. Here we report that peptides derived from normal cellular proteins can indeed be recognized by CTL raised in the classical minor histoincompatible mouse strain combination, C57BL/6 against BALB.B. Thus, we have proven the above postulate, and isolated one of the minor histocompatibility molecules elusive for several decades.     

Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Using Methylation Specific-PCR

To find a more sensitive and earlier diagnostic marker for hepatocellular carcinoma, methylation-profils of CpG islands in the promoter of eleven genes in hepatocellular carcinoma（HCC） carcinoma and pericarcinoma tissues from ten patients were examined by using methylation-specific PCR （MSP） method. MSP was used to detect the methylation of p16, p53, Secreted frizzled-related protein 1 （SFRP 1） and SFRP2 promoters. Meanwhile, plasma alpha-fetoprotein （AFP） levels in 53 patients were also determined. The results showed that HCC was closely correlated to methylation in promoter of tumor-suppressing gene p16, p53, SFRP1 and SFRP2. The results suggest that methylation of SFRP2 promoter is possible a better marker for diagnosis of HCC than plasma Alpha-fetoprotein （AFP） levels. The false negative of SFRP1 and SFRP2 are perfectly complementary. If SFRP1 and SFRP2 were both considered as a complementary positive marker at the same time, the accurate rate for diagnosis of HCC is 100%.     

解毒酶GSTM1和GSTT1缺失与广西肝细胞癌相关性研究

为了研究谷胱甘肽硫转移酶 GSTM1和 GSTT1基因多态性与肝细胞癌风险的相关性 ,在广西黄曲霉毒素(AFB1)高污染区 ,用 PCR技术检测肝细胞癌患者和非肝细胞癌成人血样中 GSTM1和 GSTT1的存在或缺失。肝细胞癌组 (HCC) 181例 ,经病理确诊为肝细胞癌 ,对照组 36 0例 ,由非肝细胞癌成人组成。结果显示 ,GSTM1和 GSTT1零基因型的频率在对照组分别为 4 7.8%和 4 2 .7% ,在肝细胞癌组分别为 6 4 .6 %和 5 9.7% ,两组间的差异有非常显著性意义 (P <0 .0 1)。GSTM1和 GSTT1联合零基因型在肝细胞癌组与对照组分别为 38.2 %和18.5 % ,两组间差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。说明 GSTM1和 GSTT1零基因型在当地与 AFB1诱发肝细胞癌的风险相互关联。     

日本血吸虫体壁抗原基因的筛选与克隆

为筛选并克隆新的日本血吸虫(Schistosoma japonicum,Sj)候选抗原基因,以日本血吸虫成虫总DNA为模板,通过生物信息学以及分子生物学手段从日本血吸虫全基因组中筛选目的基因.根据所筛选到的目的基因的核酸序列设计合成引物,用PCR法扩增目的基因,将其克隆入pBS-T载体后转入到大肠杆菌DH5a菌株,筛选阳性克隆.通过对阳性菌落质粒进行PcR予以证实.最终成功筛选并克隆到日本血吸虫体壁候选抗原基因.     

Advances in identification and application of tumor antigen inducing anti-cancer responses

Tumor antigen is one of the important bases of tumor immunotherapy . With the discovery of novel tumor antigens, interest in specific immunotherapy for treatment of malignancies has increased substantially. Nowadays more and more scientists paid close attention to various tumor antigens with their roles or/and applications in anti-cancer immune responses, immune tolerance, tumor markers,     

细胞间粘附分子-1测定在肝细胞肝癌诊治中的意义

近年关于细胞间粘附分子－１（ＩＣＡＭ－１）与肝细胞肝癌（ＨＣＣ）的研究表明，８０％～９６％ＨＣＣ组织中ＩＣＡＭ－１的表达呈阳性，而血清中ＩＣＡＭ－１与组织ＩＣＡＭ－１的表达吻合率为８７％，体外实验性证实血清ＩＣＡＭ－１来源于肿瘤细胞表面脱落的ＩＣＡＭ１，由于血清ＩＣＡＭ－１来源及结构的特点，可干扰机体免疫系统对肿瘤的监控，使病情迅速发展；临床上观察到血清ＩＣＡＭ－１水平与ＨＣＣ病情的恶化程度成正比     

Brefeldin A implicates egress from endoplasmic reticulum in class I restricted antigen presentation

Most antigens must be processed intracellularly before they can be presented, in association with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules at the cell surface, for recognition by the antigen-specific receptor of T cells. This processing appears to involve cleavage of protein antigens to smaller peptides. Only certain fragments of any protein can serve as T-cell epitopes and this is, at least in part, determined by the requirement that peptides be able to bind the MHC molecules. Class I restricted antigens are derived from proteins, such as viral antigens, that are synthesized within the presenting cell. Many of these antigens are cytosolic proteins and recent evidence suggests that it is in the cytosol that these proteins are processed to produce either the antigenic peptides or processed intermediates. How and where these processed cytosolic antigens cross the membrane of the vacuolar system and bind to the extracellular domain of the class I molecule is not known but one obvious site for this process is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), because this organelle is specialized to translocate proteins across the membrane from the cytosol into the secretory system. Based on this model, we reasoned that if we could pharmacologically block the movement of proteins out of the ER, endogenous antigen presentation would cease. An agent which causes such an effect is available--the fungal antibiotic Brefeldin A (BFA). Consistent with the above hypothesis, we report that BFA completely abolishes the ability of a cell to present endogenously synthesized antigens to class I restricted cytotoxic T cells.     

Structural and serological similarity of MHC-linked LMP and proteasome (multicatalytic proteinase) complexes

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules associate with peptides derived from endogenously synthesized antigens. Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes can thus scan class I molecules and bound peptide on the surface of cells for foreign antigenic determinants. Recent evidence demonstrates that the products of trans-acting, non-class I genes in the class II region of the MHC are required in the class I antigen-processing pathway. There are genes (called HAM1 and HAM2 in the mouse) in this region that encode proteins postulated to be involved in the transport of peptide fragments into the endoplasmic reticulum for association with newly synthesized class I molecules. But, the mechanism by which such peptide fragments are produced remains a mystery. At least two genes encoding subunits of the low-molecular mass polypeptide (LMP) complex are tightly linked to the HAM1 and HAM2 genes. We show that the LMP complex is closely related to the proteasome (multicatalytic proteinase complex), an intracellular protein complex that has multiple proteolytic activities. We speculate that the LMP complex may have a role in MHC class I antigen processing, and therefore that the MHC contains a cluster of genes required for distinct functions in the antigen processing pathway.     

肝癌患者血液基因组中SFRP1、SFRP2基因甲基化分析

利用MSP技术检测肝癌患者和健康人血液基因组中SFRP1及SFRP2的甲基化情况,分析肿瘤相关基因SFRP1、SFRP2基因甲基化与肝癌的相关性。实验结果表明,SFRP2基因甲基化与肝癌相关,SFRP1基因甲基化与肝癌无相关性。     

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes against a soluble protein

Thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes recognize antigen in conjunction with surface glycoproteins encoded by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes. Whereas fragments of soluble antigens are presented to T helper lymphocytes (TH), which carry the CD4 antigen, in association with class II MHC molecules, CD8-bearing cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) usually see cellular antigens (for instance virally-encoded proteins) in conjunction with MHC class I molecules. The different modes of antigen presentation may result from separate intracellular transport: vesicles containing class II molecules are thought to fuse with those carrying endocytosed soluble proteins. Class I molecules, in contrast, can only pick up degradation products of intracellular proteins (see refs 7 and 8). This makes biological sense; during an attack of a virus, class I-restricted CTL destroy infected cells and class II-restricted TH guide the humoural response to neutralize virus particles and toxins. But here we provide evidence that CTL specific for ovalbumin fragments can be induced with soluble protein, and that intracellular protein degradation provides epitopes recognized by these CTL. These findings suggest the existence of an antigen presenting cell that takes up soluble material and induces CTL.     

New class II-like genes in the murine MHC

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules present endogenous antigens to CD8+ (cytotoxic) T cells. MHC class II molecules present primarily exogenously derived antigens to CD4+ T cells. Three new genes (Ma, Mb1 and Mb2) located between the Pb and Ob genes of the murine MHC have properties indicating that they are members of the MHC class II gene family, but they are the most divergent class II members so far identified and are almost as closely related in sequence to class I genes as they are to the known class II genes.     

p53蛋白与肝细胞癌临床病理特征及预后的关系

目的 探讨p53蛋白表达与肝细胞癌的临床病理特征及预后的关系,为术后综合治疗及判断预后提供依据。方法 采用免疫组织化学方法检测88例肝细胞癌组织中p53蛋白的表达,比较阳性患者和阴性患者的临床病理因素和术后累积复发率、术后累积生存率的差异。结果 p53蛋白表达阳性组1、2、3累积生存率分别为75．0％、54.4%、24．2％,阴性组相应的分别为84．3％、77．8％、56．1％。与阴性组相比,p53蛋白阳性组有较高的术前AFP浓度（P=0．005）、有较大的肿瘤最大直径（P=0．042）、肿瘤包膜不完整或无包膜者多见（P=0．023）。结论 p53蛋白是评价肝细胞癌恶性程度及预后的一个有价值的生物学指标。     

A proteasome-related gene between the two ABC transporter loci in the class II region of the human MHC

It is now possible to paint a detailed picture of how cytoplasmic proteins are handled by the immune system. They are apparently degraded in the cytoplasm into peptides. These are then transported into the endoplasmic reticulum where they encounter class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Once loaded with peptide, the HLA molecules move through the Golgi apparatus to the cell membrane. Until recently, it had not been established how peptides without signal sequences cross the ER membrane. However, a number of papers have now described a pair of membrane transporter genes of the ABC (ATP-binding cassette) super-family which are attractive candidates for this function. Both transporter genes, which may encode two halves of a heterodimer, are situated in the class II region of the MHC. There is evidence that other putative components of the processing machinery, the LMPs (low molecular mass polypeptides), are also encoded in the MHC. Similarities between the properties of the LMPs and a large intracellular protease complex, called proteasome, have led to the suggestion that LMPs are involved in processing antigens. We have now identified a human gene with sequence homology to proteasome components. Remarkably, this gene maps between the two putative peptide transporter genes.     

Bcl-2家族蛋白和乙肝病毒x蛋白在肝癌组织中的表达和意义

应用免疫组织化学方法检测了34例肝癌组织及其相对应的癌旁组织,探讨了Bcl-2家族中七种基因(包括促凋亡基因Bak、Bad、Bid、Bax和Bcl-xs及抑凋亡基因Bcl-2、Bcl-w)和乙肝病毒三种抗原(包括HBsAg、HBcAg和HBxAg)在肝癌组织中的表达及意义,结果显示:在肝癌组织中HBsAg、HBcAg和HBxA的阳性率分别为58.8％、26.5％和76.5％、Bcl-2七种蛋白的阳性率分别为58.8％(Bak)、55.9％(Bad)、44.1％(Bid)、41.2％(Bax)、29.4％(Bcl-xs)、35.3％(Bcl-w)和41.2％(Bcl-2)。这七种Bcl-2蛋白的表达均位于肝癌细胞的胞浆,多呈弥漫性分布,少数阳性颗粒呈散在性分布,研究发现,Bcl-2家族中抑凋亡基因Bcl-w和Bcl-2在癌组织中表达的阳性率明显高于癌旁组织(P相似文献   

原发性肝癌早期的实验室诊断分析

原发性肝癌是目前世界上致死率最高的恶性肿瘤之一,且发病率有逐年上升的趋势.血清肿瘤标志物对肝癌的早期诊断、肿瘤进展的监测、疗效判定、复发和患者生存率的判断具有重要意义,临床常用的实验室血清标志物有甲胎蛋白、异常凝血酶原、血清铁蛋白α-L岩藻糖苷酶、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)及其同工酶、人高尔基蛋白73、磷脂酰肌醇蛋白聚...     

P53和MDM2蛋白表达对肝细胞肝癌预后判断的意义

目的 :研究肝细胞肝癌中突变型P5 3和MDM2蛋白的表达对临床预后判断的意义。方法 :应用免疫组织化学方法 ,检测 72例原发性肝细胞肝癌手术切除标本突变型P5 3、MDM2蛋白的表达 ;与临床病理学指标和术后生存期进行分析比较。结果 :突变型P5 3蛋白阳性 2 8例(38 89% ) ,MDM2蛋白阳性 2 3例 (31 94 % ) ,二者阳性表达有相关性 (r =0 2 4 8,P <0 0 5 )。突变型P5 3、MDM2蛋白阳性表达病例生存率明显低于突变型P5 3、MDM2蛋白阴性表达病例 (P <0 0 1)。突变型P5 3和MDM2蛋白表达均阳性病例 13例 (18 0 6 % ) ,中位生存期的生存率最低。单因素及多因素分析显示 ,突变型P5 3蛋白表达、MDM2蛋白表达、肿瘤大小与中位生存期的生存率有关 ,MDM2是统计学上最有意义的独立预后指标 (P <0 0 0 0 1)。结论 :应用免疫组织化学方法检测突变型P5 3和MDM2蛋白的表达可作为原发性肝细胞肝癌预后判断的指标。     

Inducible nitric oxide synthase expression is related to angiogenesis,bcl—2 and cell proliferation in hepatocellular carcinoma

In this study,we examined the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS) and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) by immunohistochemical staining in 76 tissue sections collected from bepa-tocellular carcinoma(HCC) patients undergoing hepatectomy.Microvascular density (MVD) was determined by counting endothelial cells immunostained using anti-CD34 antibody.We performed DNA-flow cytometric analyses to elucidate the impact of iNOS and VEGF expression on the cell cycle of HCC.Most of the HCC cells that invaded stroma were markedly immunostained by iNOS antibody.The iNOS stain intensity of the liv-er tissue close to the tumor edge was stronger than that of HCC tissue,and the strongest was the hepatocytes colser to the tumor tissue.However,iNOS expression in 10 normal hepatic samples was undetectable.VEGF positive expression ratio was 84.8% in iNOS positive expression cases,and the ratio was 35.3% in negative cases.There was significant correlation(P=0.000) between iNOS and VEGF expression.Moreover,iNOS expression was significantly associated with bcl-2 and MVD,but without p53 expression.DNA-flow cytometric analyses showed that combined expression of iNOS and VEGF had significant impact on the cell cycle in HCC.PI(Proliferating Index) and SPF(S-phase fraction)in the combined positive expression of iNOS and VEGF group was significantly higher than that in the combined negative group.The present findings suggested that iNOS expression was significantly associated with angiogenesis,bcl-2 and cell proliferation of HCC.     

Ham-2 corrects the class I antigen-processing defect in RMA-S cells.

The murine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) contains two genes (Ham-1 and Ham-2) that encode members of a super-family of ATP-dependent transport proteins. These genes are believed to mediate the transport of peptide antigen from the cytoplasm into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum for binding by MHC class I molecules. Evidence for such a function has come from the rescue of class I surface expression by a cloned copy of the human homologue of Ham-1, PSF-1, in a human cell line that is defective in antigen processing. A mutant murine cell line, RMA-S, has an identical antigen-processing-defective phenotype. Here we show that expression of a cloned copy of the Ham-2 gene in RMA-S cells results in recovery of the ability to process and present class I-restricted antigens to cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and in partial recovery of class I surface expression. Processing defects for classical (H-2 K and D) and non-classical (Qa1 and HMT) class I molecules are corrected by Ham-2. These data indicate that both MHC-linked transporter genes are probably required for class I antigen processing, and that the functional transporter in this pathway may consist of a Ham-1/Ham-2 heterodimer.