On protein synthesis during the development of lithium-treated embryos

Riassunto L'actinomicina D, la puromicina e il LiCl producono, agendo nei primi stadi dello sviluppo dell'embrione di polio, malformazioni caratteristiche differenti nei 3 casi. I diagrammi di sedimentazione di preparati di ribosomi dimostrano l'azione dell'actinomicina D e della daunomicina sulla sintesi del RNA e della puromicina sulla sintesi proteica. Il LiCl agisce invece inibendo entrambi i processi con un meccanismo che sembra correlato all'alone di idratazione che i suoi ioni determinano intorno ai ribosomi.     

On the presence of glycogen in the rhombencephalon of chick embryos during development

Riassunto Viene condotto uno studio sulla distribuzione del glicogeno nel romboencefalo dell'embrione di pollo durante lo sviluppo. I risultati delle indagini condotte hanno messo in evidenza una caratteristica localizzazione del glicogeno nell'abbozzo del ponte e del bulbo più evidente in embrioni dal 7° al 13° giorno di incubazione. Tale reperto viene discusso nel suo significato.     

Reaction step requiring protein synthesis in DNA synthesis in sea urchin embryos

Summary In the acid-soluble fraction extracted from embryos treated with cycloheximide, thymidine triphosphate was largely accumulated and DNA polymerase activity decreased, while both activities of thymidine kinase and thymidylate kinase remained unchanged.     

Reduction in DNA and RNA content during the development of haploidRana pipiens embryos

Résumé Une méthode micro-biochimique a été utilisée pour comparer les quantités d'ADN et ARN contenues dans des embryons en développement haploïdes et diploïdes de la grenouille,Rana pipiens. Le contenu d'ADN des embryons haploïdes a été réduit au stade de la queue bourgeonnante, et leur contenu d'ARN au stade de l'éclosion. Puisque les irrégularités morphologiques caracteristiques des embryons haploïdes apparaissent beaucoup plus tôt dans le développement, une relation directe et causale entre la réduction observée de la production nette de l'acide nucléique et le syndrome haploïde n'est pas probable.     

Effect of actinomycin D on RNA and protein synthesis in regions of developing frog embryos

Résumé Aux stades neurula et bourgeon caudal du développement embryonnaire deRana pipiens, traitée à l'actinomycine D, la réduction de la synthèse de protéine est proportionellement moindre que celle du RNA. Aux niveaux semblables de l'inhibition de la synthèse du RNA, la synthèse de protéine a diminué plus fortement dans la région de l'endoderme que dans les cellules de l'ectoderme-mésoderme dorsaux, aux stades embryonnaires mentionnés plus haut. Les données suggèrent que le D-RNA se conserve mieux dans le cytoplasme des cellules de l'ectoderme-mésoderme dorseaux que dans celui des cellules de l'endoderme.

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This research was sponsored by NSF grant No. GB5500 and NIH grant No. GM 16236-01.     

Influence of N-methylformamide on the development, the NAD synthesis, and the activity of the ADPR transferase of rat embryos

When N-methylformamide is administered to rats on the 11th day of pregnancy approximately 50% of the fetuses are resorbed and a reduced weight of the developed animals is found in comparison to the controls on the 21th day (delivery by Caesarian section). The toxic effect is increased by using nicotinamide and methionine. If a combination of these substances is employed practically all fetuses are resorbed. Tryptophan, however, has a considerably protective influence. N-Methylformamide has no influence on the NAD-synthesis induced by nicotinamide or tryptophan. It does, however, inhibits the activity of the ADPR transferase.     

Heat shock protein gene expression during embryonic development of the zebrafish

Heat shock genes exhibit complex patterns of spatial and temporal regulation during embryonic development of a wide range of organisms. Our laboratory has been involved in an analysis of heat shock gene expression in the zebrafish, a model system which is now utilized extensively for the examination of early embryonic development of vertebrates. Members of the zebrafish hsp47, hsp70 and hsp90 gene families have been cloned and shown to be closely related to their counterparts in higher vertebrates. Expression of these genes has been examined using Northern blot and whole mount in situ hybridization analyses. Both the hsp47 and hsp90 genes are expressed in a highly tissue-restricted manner during normal development. The data raise a number of interesting questions regarding the function and regulation of these heat shock genes during early zebrafish development.     

Heat shock protein gene expression during Xenopus development

Stress-induced heat shock protein gene expression is developmentally regulated during early embryogen esis of the frog, Xenopus laevis. For example, a number of heat shock protein genes, such as hsp70, hsp90, and ubiquitin are not heat-inducible until after the midblastula stage of embryogenesis. Furthermore, the family of small heat shock protein genes, hsp30, are differentially expressed after the midblastula stage as well as being regulated at the level of mRNA stability. Many of these stress proteins are also synthesized constitutively during oogenesis and embryogenesis during which they may act as molecular chaperones as well as being involved in sequestering proteins in an inactive state until required by the developing embryo. Furthermore the induction of these stress protein genes has been correlated with enhanced thermoresistance. During stressful conditions heat shock proteins probably prevent aggregation or misfolding of damaged protei ns within the embryo.     

The E-site story: the importance of maintaining two tRNAs on the ribosome during protein synthesis

In the sixties James Watson suggested a twosite model for the ribosome comprising the P site for the peptidyl transfer RNA (tRNA) before peptide-bond formation and the A site, where decoding takes place according to the codon exposed there. In the eighties a third tRNA binding site was detected, the E site, which was specific for deacylated tRNA and turned out to be a universal feature of ribosomes. However, despite having three tRNA binding sites, only two tRNAs occupy the ribosome at a time during protein synthesis: at the A and P sites before translocation (PRE state) and at the P and E sites after translocation (POST state). The importance of having two tRNAs in the POST state has been revealed during the last 25 years, showing that the E site contributes two fundamental features: (i) the fact that incorporation of a wrong amino acid is not harmful for the cell (only 1 in about 400 misincorporations destroys the function of a protein) stems from the presence of an E-tRNA; (ii) maintenance of the reading frame is one of the most remarkable achievements of the ribosome, essential for faithful translation of the genetic information. The presence of the POST state E-tRNA prevents loss of the reading frame. Received 14 March 2006; received after revision 8 June 2006; accepted 4 August 2006     

The synthesis of total and specific glycosaminoglycans during development of experimental liver cirrhosis

Summary During hepatic fibrogenesis induced by long-term administration of thioacetamide, the synthsis of chondroitin 4,6-sulfate and hyaluronic acid was strongly enhanced; the formation of heparan sulfate comprising at least 70% of total liver GAG synthesis and of a keratan-sulfate-like fraction was stimulated 1.7fold. Formation of dermatan-sulfate in liver could not be detected.We are grateful to Prof. W. Kühnel, Department of Anatomy, and to Prof. R. Lindenfelser, Department of Pathology, RWTH Aachen, for critical examination of the histology.