大鼠主动脉球囊内皮剥脱对血小板活化功能的影响

目的：观察大鼠主动脉球囊内皮剥脱对血小板活化的影响。方法：在大鼠主动脉球囊内皮剥脱模型上，分别于术后7、14和21天观察球囊内皮剥脱对血小板活化的影响。结果：大鼠球囊内皮剥脱术后，于7、14、21天时，血小板聚集明显增强，蛋白激酶（PKC）活性明显增高，环磷酸腺苷（cAMP）活性明显降低，均以7天组最为明显。结论：临床PTCA后较长时间应用抗栓剂是必要的。     

Cytoadherence of knobless Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes and its inhibition by a human monoclonal antibody

Red blood cells infected with mature stages of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum bind to the endothelial lining of capillaries and venules. This sequestration is important for the survival of the parasite but may have severe consequences for the host. For example, it is involved in the causation of cerebral malaria which carries 25% mortality. Knob-like protrusions present on the surface of infected erythrocytes have been considered necessary but not sufficient for this cytoadherence. Here we describe the adhesion to endothelial cells of infected erythrocytes which do not have knobs. A human monoclonal antibody (33G2) which was specific for an epitope containing regularly spaced dimers of glutamic acid present in the repeated amino-acid sequences of some defined P. falciparum antigens was found to inhibit cyto-adherence and may therefore be an important reagent for elucidating the molecular basis of parasite sequestration.     

马钱子苷对小胶质细胞活化的抑制作用

为探讨不同浓度的马钱子苷对小胶质细胞活化的抑制作用及其相关分子机制,分离培养了小鼠原代小胶质细胞,用不同浓度的马钱子苷（50、100、200 μmol/L）预处理后,利用脂多糖（lipopolysacharide,LPS）诱导其活化。观察马钱子苷对LPS诱导的小胶质细胞活化、炎症因子释放以及NF-κB信号通路的影响。结果显示:与对照组相比,LPS组小胶质细胞胞体膨大,分泌大量炎症细胞因子,且NF-κB核转移程度增加（P<0.05）,小胶质细胞呈明显的M1型活化状态;低、中、高浓度的马钱子苷干预后,小胶质细胞的细胞总面积和细胞核面积显著减少（P<0.05）;中、高浓度的马钱子苷能使TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1β的mRNA表达水平降低（P<0.05）;中浓度的马钱子苷下调TNF-α和IL-1β的蛋白质水平（P<0.05）;此外低、中、高浓度的马钱子苷可以抑制小胶质细胞内iNOS表达和NF-κB信号通路激活。上述结果表明,马钱子苷可明显抑制小胶质细胞活化,减少炎症因子释放,其作用机制可能与抑制NF-κB信号通路有关。这为马钱子苷应用于神经炎症的预防和治疗奠定了理论基础。     

Identification of talin as a major cytoplasmic protein implicated in platelet activation

During platelet activation there is a major reorganization in the platelet cytoskeleton that accompanies a rapid change in platelet shape. Many of the events associated with activation are attributed to a rise in calcium concentration within the platelet cytoplasm. One direct consequence of the elevated calcium is the activation of a calcium-dependent protease that cleaves a major platelet protein of relative molecular mass (Mr) approximately 235,000 (235K) to 200K. This protein, P235, has been purified and reported to interact with actin, but the significance of the proteolytic cleavage is unknown. Talin, a cytoskeletal protein in smooth muscle and fibroblasts, binds vinculin and, together with vinculin, is localized in fibroblasts at sites of actin-membrane attachment. Talin and P235 have similar purification procedures, sedimentation coefficients and Stokes' radii (ref. 6 and Molony et al., unpublished observations). Of particular significance, talin is readily cleaved by proteases from approximately 215K to a fragment of approximately 190K. Given these similarities we have investigated the possible relationship between these proteins. Here we demonstrate that platelet P235 is recognized by anti-talin antibody and that it binds vinculin. Both proteins are cleaved in vitro by the calcium-activated protease to yield similar fragments. We conclude that P235 corresponds to the platelet form of talin.     

Conversion of allosteric inhibition to activation in phosphofructokinase by protein engineering

Many enzymes are subject to allosteric control, often with inhibitors and activators binding to the same effector site. Phosphofructokinase in Escherichia coli is such an enzyme, being inhibited by phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and activated by ADP and GDP. How do individual interactions with effectors affect the balance between activation and inhibition, especially when both ligands share aspects of the same binding site? We find that mutation of a single residue in the effector site, Glu----Ala 187, leads to PEP being an activator rather than an inhibitor. With low concentrations of the substrate fructose-6-phosphate, the mutant enzyme is more than one hundred times more active than wild-type enzyme at millimolar concentrations of PEP. The classical Monod-Wyman-Changeux two-state model is too simple to account for the properties of the mutant enzyme.     

Evidence for a viral superantigen in humans.

Superantigens bind class II major histocompatibility proteins and stimulate powerful proliferative responses of T lymphocytes bearing particular V beta sequences as part of their alpha beta antigen receptor. Exogenous bacterial superantigens are responsible for food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome. Murine virus-encoded self-superantigens induce clonal deletion of T lymphocytes. Although superantigen-like properties have been suggested for human immunodeficiency virus-1, no viral superantigen has been identified in humans. Here we report that the nucleocapsid of the rabies virus is an exogenous superantigen specific for V beta 8 human T lymphocytes which binds to HLA class II alpha-chains.     

Evidence for the existence and development of visual inhibition in humans

Neural inhibition forms a major mechanism by which the nervous system refines and elaborates its input. Several recent experiments have demonstrated the existence of inhibition between orientation-selective cells of the primary visual cortex of the cat and although the precise function of this inhibition is uncertain, there is evidence that it enhances orientation tuning and that it is involved in pattern recognition. Here we report a series of experiments which, on the basis of evoked potential responses to oriented stimuli, suggest that similar processes may exist in humans. Recordings from young infants further suggest that the machinery which mediates orientation-specific interactions may not be functional at birth, but develops only after 6-8 months.     

铬离子对鲫鱼红细胞核、血细胞数和血红蛋白量影响的研究

研究了铬离子对鲫鱼的毒害性，结果显示铬离子对鲫鱼外周血红细胞的微核率、核异常率、总核异常率及血红蛋白量、红细胞数和白细胞数均具有一定的影响，大多数指标都比对照组高，而且在较高浓度时影响更大；并发现铬对鲫鱼血红蛋白和血细胞数的影响比对微核率的影响大。