碳纳米管场致电子发射研究进展

碳纳米管（CNTs）具有独特的电子、化学、力学特性,且易制备,作为冷阴极场发射材料在平板显示领域有潜在的应用价值而引起了人们的极大兴趣。本文简单介绍了几种改善碳纳米管薄膜场致电子发射特性的实验方法研究进展,并对碳纳米管场发射显示器研究进展进行了综述。     

碳纳米管膜的制备及其研究进展

碳纳米管众多优良性质,并不仅仅体现在单根碳纳米管中,更多的是在大量的碳纳米管的集中体现,即碳纳米管膜的性质与应用。本文根据碳纳米管膜中碳纳米管的排列方式不同,详细介绍了无序碳纳米管膜、水平有序碳纳米管膜及垂直有序碳纳米管膜的制备方法、应用现状及其面临的挑战。     

Carbon nanotubes as anti-bacterial agents

Multidrug-resistant bacterial infections that have evolved via natural selection have increased alarmingly at a global level. Thus, there is a strong need for the development of novel antibiotics for the treatment of these infections. Functionalized carbon nanotubes through their unique properties hold great promise in the fight against multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. This new family of nanovectors for therapeutic delivery proved to be innovative and efficient for the transport and cellular translocation of therapeutic molecules. The current review examines the latest progress in the antibacterial activity of carbon nanotubes and their composites.     

Impact of climate change on wetland ecosystems: A critical review of experimental wetlands

Climate change is identified as a major threat to wetlands. Altered hydrology and rising temperature can change the biogeochemistry and function of a wetland to the degree that some important services might be turned into disservices. This means that they will, for example, no longer provide a water purification service and adversely they may start to decompose and release nutrients to the surface water. Moreover, a higher rate of decomposition than primary production (photosynthesis) may lead to a shift of their function from being a sink of carbon to a source. This review paper assesses the potential response of natural wetlands (peatlands) and constructed wetlands to climate change in terms of gas emission and nutrients release. In addition, the impact of key climatic factors such as temperature and water availability on wetlands has been reviewed. The authors identified the methodological gaps and weaknesses in the literature and then introduced a new framework for conducting a comprehensive mesocosm experiment to address the existing gaps in literature to support future climate change research on wetland ecosystems. In the future, higher temperatures resulting in drought might shift the role of both constructed wetland and peatland from a sink to a source of carbon. However, higher temperatures accompanied by more precipitation can promote photosynthesis to a degree that might exceed the respiration and maintain the carbon sink role of the wetland. There might be a critical water level at which the wetland can preserve most of its services. In order to find that level, a study of the key factors of climate change and their interactions using an appropriate experimental method is necessary. Some contradictory results of past experiments can be associated with different methodologies, designs, time periods, climates, and natural variability. Hence a long-term simulation of climate change for wetlands according to the proposed framework is recommended. This framework provides relatively more accurate and realistic simulations, valid comparative results, comprehensive understanding and supports coordination between researchers. This can help to find a sustainable management strategy for wetlands to be resilient to climate change.     

Impact of climate change on wetland ecosystems: A critical review of experimental wetlands

Climate change is identified as a major threat to wetlands. Altered hydrology and rising temperature can change the biogeochemistry and function of a wetland to the degree that some important services might be turned into disservices. This means that they will, for example, no longer provide a water purification service and adversely they may start to decompose and release nutrients to the surface water. Moreover, a higher rate of decomposition than primary production (photosynthesis) may lead to a shift of their function from being a sink of carbon to a source. This review paper assesses the potential response of natural wetlands (peatlands) and constructed wetlands to climate change in terms of gas emission and nutrients release. In addition, the impact of key climatic factors such as temperature and water availability on wetlands has been reviewed. The authors identified the methodological gaps and weaknesses in the literature and then introduced a new framework for conducting a comprehensive mesocosm experiment to address the existing gaps in literature to support future climate change research on wetland ecosystems. In the future, higher temperatures resulting in drought might shift the role of both constructed wetland and peatland from a sink to a source of carbon. However, higher temperatures accompanied by more precipitation can promote photosynthesis to a degree that might exceed the respiration and maintain the carbon sink role of the wetland. There might be a critical water level at which the wetland can preserve most of its services. In order to find that level, a study of the key factors of climate change and their interactions using an appropriate experimental method is necessary. Some contradictory results of past experiments can be associated with different methodologies, designs, time periods, climates, and natural variability. Hence a long-term simulation of climate change for wetlands according to the proposed framework is recommended. This framework provides relatively more accurate and realistic simulations, valid comparative results, comprehensive understanding and supports coordination between researchers. This can help to find a sustainable management strategy for wetlands to be resilient to climate change.     

Photon emission from normal and tumor human tissues.

Photon emission in the visible and near ultraviolet range by samples of human tissue removed during surgery has been measured by means of a low noise photomultiplier coupled to a data acquisition system. The results show that among the 25 analyzed samples the 9 from normal tissues had an emission rate of the order of some tens of photons/cm2 min, while most of the 16 tumor tissue samples had a very much higher rate.     

Photon emission from normal and tumor human tissues

Photon emission in the visible and near ultraviolet range by samples of human tissue removed during surgery has been measured by means of a low noise photomultiplier coupled to a data acquisition system. The results show that among the 25 analyzed samples the 9 from normal tissues had an emission rate of the order of some tens of photons/cm² min, while most of the 16 tumor tissue samples had a very much higher rate.     

单一导电性能的单壁碳纳米管的分离

本文首先简单介绍了单壁碳纳米管的化学结构与导电性性能之间的关系，然后就单壁碳纳米管研究中的一个重要难题，即如何分离金属型和半导体型，概述了目前主要的分离方法和研究结果。     

基于灰色关联分析的二氧化碳排放因子研究

为实现节能减排目标,探求二氧化碳排放影响因子,在分析以往研究基础上,选取2000～2007年EIA和国家统计年鉴相关数据,采用灰色系统理论中的灰色关联分析模型计算各因子间的灰色关联度,比较得出:能源消费对二氧化碳排放影响最大,其次是GDP,然后是人口数量、固定资产投资和居民消费。据此提出,转变能源结构、适当控制人口增长、调节固定资产投资方向、引导居民消费方向等是我国经济发展中降低二氧化碳排放的有效途径。     

铋层状化合物Na0.5Ho0.5-xYbxBi4Ti4O15陶瓷材料的上转换发光、铁电、介电性能研究

采用传统的固相烧结法,制备了Na0.5Ho0.5-xYbxBi4Ti4O15铋层状结构陶瓷.经X射线衍射（XRD）表征,新合成材料为单相结构,且扫描电子显微镜下的表面和断面图像均为层状,说明合成材料为新型铋层状材料.室温时,在可见光波长范围内,有2个峰,分别为546 nm处的绿光峰和656 nm处的红光峰,分别对应于Ho3＋离子的5F4＋5S2→5I8和5F5→5I8跃迁.为研究其机理,测试了变功率条件下的发光强度,经计算,绿光和红光发射均为双光子过程.研究陶瓷样品在变温（-130~270°C）条件下的发光性能时,发现红光与绿光的强度比值与温度呈线性关系,该材料有望应用于光学温度传感器领域.经介电性能测试发现当Ho：Yb=1：9时,样品的居里温度为686.4°C.研究铁电性能发现当Ho：Yb=3：2时,剩余极化Pr为9.3μC/cm2,矫顽场强为Ec=82 k V/cm,表明具有一定的铁电性能.以上研究结果表明,制得的新材料是一种具有优异光学性能的多功能材料.     

Cell-to-cell transmission in the activation of in situ nematocytes in acontia ofCalliactis parasitica

Summary It is reported that Ca²⁺-induced discharge of in situ nematocytes of acontia ofCalliactis parasitica can occur by cell-to-cell transmission along the acontial filament at a speed that averages 9.8·10^–3 cm^–1. The discharge is preceded by protrusion of nematocytes that proceeds along the acontium at a slightly higher speed.     

Nanoparticle-based drug delivery: case studies for cancer and cardiovascular applications

Nanoparticles (NPs) comprised of nanoengineered complexes are providing new opportunities for enabling targeted delivery of a range of therapeutics and combinations. A range of functionalities can be included within a nanoparticle complex, including surface chemistry that allows attachment of cell-specific ligands for targeted delivery, surface coatings to increase circulation times for enhanced bioavailability, specific materials on the surface or in the nanoparticle core that enable storage of a therapeutic cargo until the target site is reached, and materials sensitive to local or remote actuation cues that allow controlled delivery of therapeutics to the target cells. However, despite the potential benefits of NPs as smart drug delivery and diagnostic systems, much research is still required to evaluate potential toxicity issues related to the chemical properties of NP materials, as well as their size and shape. The need to validate each NP for safety and efficacy with each therapeutic compound or combination of therapeutics is an enormous challenge, which forces industry to focus mainly on those nanoparticle materials where data on safety and efficacy already exists, i.e., predominantly polymer NPs. However, the enhanced functionality affordable by inclusion of metallic materials as part of nanoengineered particles provides a wealth of new opportunity for innovation and new, more effective, and safer therapeutics for applications such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases, which require selective targeting of the therapeutic to maximize effectiveness while avoiding adverse effects on non-target tissues.     

Actin-targeting natural products: structures, properties and mechanisms of action

Natural small-molecule inhibitors of actin cytoskeleton dynamics have long been recognized as valuable molecular probes for dissecting complex mechanisms of cellular function. More recently, their potential use as chemotherapeutic drugs has become a focus of scientific investigation. The primary focus of this review is the molecular mechanism by which different actin-targeting natural products function, with an emphasis on structural considerations of toxins for which high-resolution structural information of their interaction with actin is available. By comparing the molecular interactions made by different toxin families with actin, the structural themes of those that alter filament dynamics in similar ways can be understood. This provides a framework for novel synthetic-compound designs with tailored functional properties that could be applied in both research and clinical settings. Received 6 April 2006; received after revision 31 May 2006; accepted 19 June 2006     

Four cross-bridge strands and high paramyosin content in the myosin filaments of honey bee flight muscles

Summary Measurements of the mass ratio of myosin to paramyosin of myofibrils of honey bee flight muscles on sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gels yielded a paramyosin content of 24% of the myosin filament mass. Based on the myosin to actin mass ratio of 2.3, and 3 actin filaments per myosin filament and per half sarcomere, it could be calculated that there were 3.8 myosin molecules repeating regularly at intervals of 14.4 nm along the myosin filament. In spite of the high paramyosin content the diameter of the myosin filaments is 19–20 nm, as in other insect flight muscles.     

鲁米诺体系的多通道电致化学发光

本文综述了鲁米诺体系在金属、非金属以及半导体电极上的电位分辨电致化学发光行为和机理,揭示了鲁米诺电致化学发光的多通道性及其对电极材料、电极电位和电极表面状态的依赖性。     

Intermediate filament assembly: temperature sensitivity and polymorphism

Intermediate filament (IF) proteins are encoded by a large multigene family and form polymers with a uniform diameter of approximately 10 nm. However, although the cytoplasmic representatives all confirm to a unit-type structural principle leading to the formation of extended coiled coils, it is becoming increasingly clear that subunit arrangements and physical properties vary among the different filaments. Thus, the intricate tissue-specific expression pattern of individual IF proteins (especially, their co-expression with other members of the IF protein family or with IF-associated proteins to form obligatory heteropolymers) points to distinct functions acquired during evolution relevant to cellular homeostasis in various tissues.     

围压对圆形巷道岩爆过程中声发射及能量释放规律的影响

利用FLAC模拟了不同围压下圆形巷道围岩岩爆过程中的声发射及能量释放过程。利用8个FISH函数开挖巷道,统计破坏单元数目及破坏单元在应变软化阶段的能量释放总量和能量释放率。模拟分为3步:首先,将静水压力施加在模型上,直到达到静力平衡状态;然后开挖巷道;最后,重新计算,直到达到静力平衡状态或者塑性流动状态。模拟结果表明,当围压较高时,开挖巷道后的围岩的声发射活动呈现间歇式上升特征;而当围压较低时,开挖巷道后的围岩中的声发射活动最终趋于平静;随着围压的增加,能量释放现象出现得早些,声发射累计数、释放的弹性应变能都增加。在开挖巷道后的围岩中,发生剪破坏的单元释放的弹性应变能总量大于发生拉破坏的,最高的剪应变能释放率大于最高的拉应变能释放率。     

Syncoilin, an intermediate filament-like protein linked to the dystrophin associated protein complex in skeletal muscle

Syncoilin is a member of the intermediate filament protein family, highly expressed in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Syncoilin binds α-dystrobrevin, a component of the dystrophin associated protein complex (DAPC) located at the muscle cell membrane, and desmin, a muscle-specific intermediate filament protein, thus providing a link between the DAPC and the muscle intermediate filament network. This link may be important for muscle integrity and force transduction during contraction, a theory that is supported by the reduced force-generating capacity of muscles from syncoilin-null mice. Additionally, syncoilin is found at increased levels in the regenerating muscle fibres of patients with muscular dystrophies and mouse models of muscle disease. Therefore, syncoilin may be important for muscle regeneration in response to injury. The aims of this article are to review current knowledge about syncoilin and to discuss its possible functions in skeletal muscle. Received 21 May 2008; received after revision 10 July 2008; accepted 18 July 2008     

船用柴油机第一道活塞环岸积碳的微观形貌和孔隙特性的相衬显微CT研究

大型二冲程船用柴油机具有热负荷高、燃用重油、润滑油参与燃烧及其变质、颗粒物排放高等特点,直接或间接地导致其燃烧室内更为明显的积碳现象,同时积碳层的构成和特性会显著影响柴油机的输出动力性能和排放特性．采用我国第三代同步辐射装置一上海光源的x射线相衬显微CT技术,对第一道活塞环岸积碳样品进行了三维无损显微成像．通过定量数字图像处理,对积碳层的微观特性和孔隙分布特性进行了分析研究．结果表明,活塞环上部积碳厚度基本在1．0mm左右,仅为缸套和活塞间距的一半,但是其表面形态显示出与缸套强烈的摩擦磨损痕迹,这说明该部位的积碳会明显破坏缸套的滑油分布．同时积碳内外表面裂纹密集,而中部裂纹较疏松,积碳内外表面的裂纹形成机理存在显著差异．从孔隙连通性来看,几乎所有的裂缝都是相通的,计算得到的总的孔隙率在10．9％～12．8％之间．并且连通的裂纹中存在交汇的孔洞结构,这些孔隙结构可能对燃气产生吸附和解吸的作用．     

Cathepsin X-mediated β2 integrin activation results in nanotube outgrowth

Membrane nanotubes were recently described as a new principle of cell–cell communication enabling complex and specific messaging to distant cells. Calcium fluxes, vesicles, and cell-surface components can all traffic between cells connected by nanotubes. Here we report for the first time the mechanism of membrane nanotube formation in T cells through LFA-1 (CD11a/CD18; α_Lβ₂) integrin activation by the cysteine protease cathepsin X. Cathepsin X is shown to induce persistent LFA-1 activation. Cathepsin X-upregulated T cells exhibit increased homotypic aggregation and polarized, migration-associated morphology in 2D and 3D models, respectively. In these cells, extended uropods are frequently formed, which subsequently elongate to nanotubes connecting T lymphocytes. Our results demonstrate that LFA-1 activation with subsequent cytoskeletal reorganization induces signal transmission through a physically connected network of T lymphocytes for better coordination of their action at various stages of the immune response. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Received 26 December 2008; received after revision 26 January 2009; accepted 27 January 2009 N. Obermajer, Z. Jevnikar: These authors contributed equally to the present work.