城市生活垃圾在流化床中的流动特性

为了建立城市生活垃圾在循环流化床中燃烧的模型,该文选取了几种生活垃圾的典型组分,通过冷态流化实验研究了它们在流化床中的流动特性。实验发现床料的作用使得不同垃圾流化特性趋于一致,保持在密相区运动;垃圾对床料的流化有抑制作用。该文选取聚乙烯塑料颗粒做为生活垃圾的代表,建立了床料与塑料类物质相互作用模型,定量地描述了床料对于塑料颗粒的作用,并以此为基础,探讨了塑料颗粒在循环流化床密相区内的运动规律。     

工业聚乙烯流化床的气固流动特性数值模拟

采用计算颗粒流体力学（CPFD）的数值模拟方法,对工业级聚乙烯流化床内的气固流动特性进行了冷态模拟,并利用Matlab的图像处理功能将图像的像素点与模拟网格进行对应来计算流化床内的气泡大小。从流化床流动结构、颗粒、气泡3个角度,研究了不同气速、不同初始物料量对工业级聚乙烯流化床的气固流动特性的影响。结果表明：从颗粒的轴径向分布情况可以看出,工业流化床内部的边壁效应明显较弱,密相区整体呈现较为均匀的颗粒分布;气速对于流化床气固流动的影响较大,当气速为0.46 m/s时,流化床内密相区的颗粒分布最为均匀,整体的流动较好;初始床层高度主要影响流化后密相区的高度,对于床层膨胀率的影响较小。     

不同颗粒粒径灰渣中磷和硫的分布

为了解循环流化床运行时不同颗粒粒径灰渣的固硫固磷效果,从20 t/h循环流化床锅炉排渣口和循环放灰口分别采集炉内灰渣。对不同颗粒粒径灰渣进行XRF,XRD,SEM和EDS元素分析及物相表征。研究结果表明:循环流化床内,随颗粒粒径的减小,单位质量CaO对SO2的固定量逐渐增加。颗粒较大的CaO颗粒,流化程度低,长时间处于高温缺氧的密相床层区,导致CaO对SO2固定量的降低。颗粒较小的CaO颗粒,固硫反应的活化能较低,因此,单位质量CaO的固硫量较大,但受除尘器除尘效率的影响,其在炉内煤灰中的质量比例较低,固硫总量有限。CaO对P2O5的固定量同颗粒尺度无关,温度越高,二者接触越充分,CaO的固磷量越大。     

流化床法制备太阳能级多晶硅冷态研究

分别采用管径为φ20 mm与φ40 mm的流化床反应器,以工业硅为物料,进行了太阳能级多晶硅制备冷态模拟试验研究。结果表明:在管径φ40 mm的流化床反应器中,硅粒粒径D50在80~109μm之间,硅料加入量126.1 g,流化速度为0.26~0.28 m/s时,流化状态最佳;在管径φ20 mm的流化床反应器中,硅粒粒径D50在80~109μm之间,硅料加入量78.1 g,流化速度为0.42~0.44 m/s时,流化状态最佳。     

片状化石燃料的循环流化床燃烧(Ⅱ)--片状颗粒在循环流化床的运行表现和片状颗粒在密相区和稀相区的行为

测试了燃烧京西无烟煤循环流化床锅炉的实际运行参数,分析了颗粒度分布、球形度变化等特征对锅炉运行的影响.研究了片状无烟煤颗粒在循环流化床燃烧过程中的行为.研究表明,颗粒的片状形貌对炉膛密相区和稀相区的颗粒度分布、平均悬浮密度分布有着重要影响,是造成炉膛温度大幅度波动和扬析量大幅度波动的直接原因.     

垃圾焚烧炉内传热计算方法

考虑到垃圾作为燃料具有水分高、热值不稳定等特点 ,给出了层燃和流化床燃烧方式垃圾焚烧炉的炉内传热计算。将层燃炉炉膛分为燃烧室和燃尽室 ,分别给出了燃烧室和燃尽室辐射换热的计算方法 ,对高水分烟气的对流换热计算及黑度计算推荐了修正方法。循环流化床锅炉炉膛内分为密相区和稀相区 ,针对各区受热面布置特点 ,总结了相应计算方法。该方法已经应用于垃圾处理能力为 15 0 t/ d循环流化床垃圾焚烧炉以及 5 0 ,10 0 ,30 0 ,80 0 kg/ h的系列层燃垃圾焚烧炉的工程设计中。     

流化床内气粒两相间传热的萘升华模拟实验研究

在流化床模型实验台上使用萘升华热质类比技术对气粒两相间的传热特性进行了实验研究。实验考查了流化床床料重量、流化风风速和床料平均粒径对气体与颗粒间换热的影响，实验结果表明。在其它条件相同的情况下，流化床内气体和颗粒两相之间的表观传热传质系数随着流化风速的加大和床重的增加而增大，随着床料颗粒粒径的增加而减小。     

流化床式筛分机中气泡特性的数值模拟

采用流化床式筛分机,针对煤料在流化床内流化时的鼓泡筛分特性,以Eulerian多相流模型,对筛分机的单粒径颗粒气固两相流动进行模拟,得出了筛分机内某一截面的固相体积份额分布图和不同截面的气泡分布图.为求证最佳流化速度,共设计了4组不同入口气速的工况.根据4组数值模拟结果,分析得出筛分机内最佳流化速度为0.96m/s.通过比较4组工况的流化效果发现,当流化速度为1.36m/s时,气泡最多,因而该工况最具有代表性,可用来研究筛分机的鼓泡特性.研究结果表明,筛分机的鼓泡具有随机性和不均匀性.     

流化床燃烧棉秆与床料的混合特性及混合质量评判标准

论述了10～100mm长度的棉秆与弱酸性床料的混合流化特性,研究了棉秆长度、床料粒径、配比和流化风速等因素对混合均匀程度的影响.试验结果表明:长度100mm以下特别是50mm左右的棉秆,与粒径为0.6～1mm的床料,在配比为2%(初始质量分数),流化数大于3时,能较均匀地混合流化;但流化数大于7时,混合均匀程度有所降低.棉秆与床料的不同配比对混合均匀程度也有影响,棉秆的质量配比越小,混合得越均匀,所以设计流化床锅炉时流化风速、静止床高要选择合理,否则会影响到密相区的稳定燃烧.提出了秸秆流化床燃烧时,秸秆与床料混合质量的评判标准,并介绍了混合均匀度的概念.在一定的试验条件下,当混合均匀度小于1.4时,秸秆和床料混合比较均匀,能够适合流化床燃烧.     

壁面约束对提升管内细长颗粒浓度分布的影响

基于欧拉一拉格朗日方法,并根据刚体动力学理论及经典流体力学理论,建立了细长颗粒流化运动三维模型.模型中考虑了细长颗粒与壁面三维碰撞问题.基于此模型,并根据实际的结构及运行参数,对细长颗粒在流化床的浓度分布特性进行了数值实验.研究表明,如果不加入惰性物料,细长颗粒无法自身在提升管内形成明显的悬浮段和密相区,也不会在密相区形成明显的双向流动;细长颗粒在流化运动过程中伴有一定的迁移现象,颗粒由四周慢慢向中心移动;壁面附近区域的细长颗粒的浓度分布受流化风速影响明显,这也可能与壁面约束效应有关.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with