生物有机肥对盐渍土壤水盐动态及番茄产量的影响

为探讨生物有机肥对不同类型盐渍土壤(设施次生盐渍土、滨海盐渍土)水盐动态和作物产量的影响,采用盆栽试验方法研究不同施肥(不施肥、化肥、生物有机肥、生物有机肥+化肥(比例为1∶1))处理对盐渍土土壤含水率、电导率、盐分离子组成变化和番茄产量、水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:(a)单施生物有机肥处理和生物有机肥+化肥处理均可以提高土壤含水率;(b)单施生物有机肥处理的土壤电导率最低,其次为生物有机肥+化肥处理;(c)对于设施次生盐渍土,与化肥处理相比,单施生物有机肥处理和生物有机肥+化肥处理的土壤盐分离子总量分别降低了23.63%和15.60%;(d)对于滨海盐渍土,与化肥处理相比,单施生物有机肥处理和生物有机肥+化肥处理的土壤盐分离子总量分别降低了22.34%和10.32%;(e)番茄收获后,设施次生盐渍土各处理的NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)在土壤盐分中的占比降低,滨海盐渍土各处理的Na~+、K~+和Cl~-占比降低;(f)单施生物有机肥处理最有利于土壤微生物的增加,其次是生物有机肥+化肥处理;设施次生盐渍土中生物有机肥+化肥处理的番茄产量最高,比单施生物有机肥处理增产165.5%;(g)施用生物有机肥可以提高设施次生盐渍土的作物产量和灌溉水利用效率,而单施化肥则可能会造成作物绝产;(h)施用化肥虽然提高滨海盐渍土的作物产量,但施用生物有机肥处理的灌溉水利用效率相对较高。     

Determination of dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in soil and moss from Fildes Peninsula,Antarctica

Dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs) are a class of toxic and persistent chemicals that are often found in the environment.The determination of dioxin-like PCBs in Fildes Peninsula,Antarctica,is reported in this paper.Dioxin-like PCBs were widely distributed in Antarctic soil and moss with concentration of 2.23-27.2 pg/g in soil and 10.4-812 pg/g in moss.The highest concentrations were found in the Ardley Island area and the lowest concentrations on the west coast.The contribution of PCB-118 to the ∑12PCBs ranged from 36.0% to 69.6% in soil,and 17.2% to 43.4% in moss.The congener specific patterns in soil and moss were similar.Long-range atmospheric transport is thought to be the main source of PCBs detected on King George Island.The ∑12PCBs toxic equivalent(TEQ) in soil was 0.400×10?3 to 516×10?3 pg(TEQ)/g with a mean value of 147×10?3 pg(TEQ)/g.PCB-126 had the largest contribution(81.1%) to the ∑12PCBs TEQ in soil.The ∑12PCBs TEQ in moss ranged from 2.90×10?3 to 1.19 pg/g with a mean value of 0.482 pg/g.PCB-126 was also the largest contributor(91.4%) to the ∑12PCBs TEQ in moss.The mean TEQ in moss was about 40 times that in soil.     

黄土高原地区水土流失特点和治理阶段及其思路研究

黄土高原地区是中华文明的发祥地.受地形破碎、土质疏松、降雨集中等自然因素和乱砍滥伐、过度放牧、陡坡开垦等人为因素的影响,黄土高原地区水土流失严重、荒漠化土地面积大、草原退化沙化和碱化面积逐年增加.黄土高原地区是我国水土流失最严重的地区,具有面积广、强度大、成因复杂等特点.60多年来,通过采取发展水利工程建设,推广旱作节水农业,加快退耕还林还草等一系列措施,黄土高原综合治理面积达到21.51万km2.根据国家＂十二五＂计划提出奋斗目标：在＂十二五＂期间黄土高原地区水土保持生态建设的奋斗目标是：人为水土流失和生态破坏得到初步遏制,流域内生态良好区面积得到巩固和扩大,重点监督区人为水土流失得到控制,黄河源区生态环境得到有效改善.到21世纪中叶,适宜治理的区域基本得到治理,平均每年减少入黄泥沙8亿t,逐步实现人口、资源、环境协调发展.