醋酸加氢制乙醇反应中负载型Pt-Sn双金属催化剂的研究

采用浸渍法制备了Pt-Sn/M(M=SiO_2,γ-Al_2O_3,TiO_2)催化剂,在微型固定床反应器上考察了Pt-Sn/M催化剂上醋酸加氢制乙醇的催化性能.研究结果表明,Pt-Sn/M催化剂比Pt/SiO_2催化剂具有更高的醋酸加氢活性;运用XRD,H_2-TPR,XPS,BET和NH_3-TPD等手段对Pt-Sn/M催化剂进行了表征,催化剂酸性大小对其加氢产物的选择性影响较大,弱酸性Pt-Sn/SiO_2催化剂,乙醇的选择性高.     

TTAC-HPMo/SiO_2催化剂的表征及其氧化脱硫性能分析

以十四烷基三甲基氯化铵(TTAC)为模板剂,正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为硅源,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备TTAC-HPMo/SiO_2催化剂,利用FTIR、XRD、SEM和N_2吸附-脱附等技术对其进行表征,并分析催化剂制备条件和反应条件对模型油氧化脱硫性能的影响。结果表明,在m(HPMo)/m(SiO_2)=15%、焙烧温度为400℃条件下所制TTAC-HPMo/SiO_2催化剂,其孔隙结构发达、氧化脱硫性能最佳;对于10mL以二苯并噻吩(DBT)为目标含硫化合物的模型油(硫含量为400μg/g),当m(TTAC-HPMo/SiO_2)/m(模型油)=0.43%、V(H_2O_2)/V(模型油)=0.2%、反应温度为60℃、反应时间为14min时,所制TTAC-HPMo/SiO_2催化剂对模型油中DBT的脱除率达到100%。     

Ni和Ce前驱体对Ni-CeO_2/SiO_2催化剂的甲烷部分氧化制合成气性能的影响

以不同Ni和Ce的化合物为前驱体、商品SiO_2为载体,采用浸渍法制备了一系列Ni/SiO_2、CeO_2/SiO_2和Ni-CeO_2/SiO_2催化剂,对CeO_2在SiO_2载体上的分散情况进行了表征,在此基础上进一步探究了不同前驱体制备的CeO_2/SiO_2对Ni物种的稳定情况以及Ni-CeO_2/SiO_2催化剂的甲烷部分氧化(POM)制合成气的反应性能.研究发现:以Ce(NO3)3或Ce(NO3)3添加柠檬酸制备的CeO_2/SiO_2催化剂的氢气程序升温还原(H2-TPR)谱图中均同时出现了表面CeO_2和体相CeO_2物种的还原峰,而以Ce(CH3COO)3制备的CeO_2/SiO_2催化剂上则主要含表面CeO_2物种.不同前驱体制备的1%Ni/SiO_2(1%为质量分数,下同)催化剂的POM反应稳定性均较差.向1%Ni/SiO_2中添加CeO_2后,以硝酸盐或硝酸盐添加柠檬酸制备的1%Ni-10%CeO_2/SiO_2催化剂的POM反应稳定性均显著改善,且Ni物种的还原峰温均有所提高,说明相关催化剂上的CeO_2与Ni物种之间存在较强的相互作用,可以较好地稳定催化剂上的Ni物种,防止其在反应条件下烧结.向以乙酸盐为前驱体制备的Ni/SiO_2中添加CeO_2后,1%Ni-10%CeO_2/SiO_2催化剂的POM反应稳定性有所下降,其原因可能是该催化剂上的CeO_2与Ni物种之间的相互作用较弱,不利于稳定Ni物种.     

单分散球状纳米二氧化硅的可控制备方法与机理分析

采用Stber法,以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为硅源、氨水为催化剂、乙醇为溶剂来制备粒径可控的纳米SiO_2粒子。研究了催化剂氨水的添加方式、正硅酸乙酯浓度和反应温度对产物单分散球状纳米SiO_2粒径的影响,采用扫描电镜,红外光谱等对产物的形貌和成分进行了表征分析。实验结果表明:在催化剂氨水总量不变的情况下,对其采用分段添加的方式会显著降低纳米SiO_2粒子的粒径;纳米SiO_2粒子的粒径随着TEOS用量的增加而逐渐增大,随着反应温度的升高而减小。在70℃时可制得最小粒径的纳米SiO_2粒子,粒径达27 nm,颗粒与颗粒之间的界限明显,粒子呈单分散状态,球形形貌好,样品纯度高。     

Na_2SiO_3对Pt/WO_3/ZrO_2催化剂催化甘油氢解制1,3-丙二醇的影响

制备了不同Na_2SiO_3质量分数的Pt/Na_2SiO_3-WO_3/ZrO_2催化剂。通过X线衍射(XRD)、H2程序升温还原(H2-TPR)、H_2的化学吸附、NH_3程序升温脱附(NH_3-TPD)等方法表征催化剂的理化性质。用固定床反应器考察催化剂对甘油氢解制1,3-丙二醇反应的催化性能。结果表明:引入Na_2SiO_3可调变催化剂中ZrO2晶相组成、催化剂的酸性、可还原性能和H2吸附性能,进而影响催化剂对甘油氢解制1,3-丙二醇反应的催化性能。引入适量的Na_2SiO_3,可使Pt/Na_2SiO_3-WO_3/ZrO_2催化剂有较高的活性和稳定性。     

Cu2O/CPAN/SiO2复合材料的制备及光催化还原性能的研究

为了提高材料的比表面积和光生电子-空穴的分离效率,以具有高比表面积的多孔SiO_2为载体,以价带相匹配的Cu_2O和CPAN(环化聚丙烯腈)为催化剂,通过溶液浸渍和原位热处理法制备了Cu_2O/CPAN/SiO_2复合光催化材料。利用TEM,SEM,XRD,FTIR,BET和EDS等方法对复合物的形貌、组成和结构进行了表征,通过UV-vis, DRS,PL,EIS和光电流等方法分析了复合微粒的光电性能,并以对硝基苯酚还原反应为模型,考察了Cu_2O/CPAN/SiO_2复合微粒的可见光催化性能。结果表明,多孔SiO_2载体大大提高了Cu_2O/CPAN的比表面积;Cu_2O为八面体晶型,与CPAN构筑的异质结均匀分布于SiO_2表面,显著提高了对可见光的吸收及光生电子-空穴对的分离效率。当Cu_2O的质量分数为2%、热处理温度为260℃、热处理时间为3 h时,制备得到的Cu_2O/CPAN/SiO_2复合微粒表现出最佳的光催化活性。研究结果为制备高效复合催化剂提供了方法依据。     

不同载体对Cu系催化剂催化醋酸异丙酯加氢工艺的影响

本文以醋酸异丙酯为原料催化加氢,同时制备乙醇和异丙醇。用共沉淀法制备SiO_2、Al_2O_3、ZrO_2和TiO_24种不同载体负载的Cu系催化剂,分别考察它们的催化反应性能;借助N2吸附-脱附仪、X线衍射仪(XRD)、H_2程序升温还原(H_2-TPR)、N_2O氧化滴定及NH3程序升温脱附(NH_3-TPD)等表征手段,分析对比4种载体对Cu的分散性、CuO-载体之间的协同作用、表面酸性等的影响及最终对反应结果的影响。结果表明:Cu/SiO_2表现出较好的催化活性且主产物的选择性最高;Cu/ZrO_2中因CuO与ZrO_2间的协同作用促进了Cu的高度分散,因而活性最高,但较强的酸性降低了主产物乙醇的选择性;Cu/TiO_2和Cu/Al_2O_3的催化活性以及主产物选择性都明显偏低。在Cu/SiO_2催化剂上进行了醋酸异丙酯加氢反应的工艺优化,筛选出了最佳工艺条件:温度290℃,反应压力6 MPa,氢酯进料摩尔比30,质量空时96 g·h/mol。在最佳条件下,醋酸异丙酯的转化率达96%,乙醇的选择性达94%,异丙醇的选择性达95%。     

强酸性阳离子交换树脂催化制备醋酸正丙酯的工艺研究

以正丙醇、冰醋酸为原料,强酸性阳离子交换脂作为催化剂,催化合成醋酸正丙酯,考察了催化剂的使用寿命,再生能力及反应温度、反应时间、催化剂用量、酸醇摩尔比对合成醋酸正丙酯的影响.强酸性阳离子交换树脂催化制备醋酸正丙酯适宜的条件为:反应时间为2h,催化剂用量(以醋酸质量计)为15%,沸腾状态反应,酸醇摩尔比为1∶1.在选定的实验条件下,反应的转化率为68.06%.催化剂的使用寿命较长,再生能力较强.     

单分散中空二氧化硅微球的制备

通过牺牲微米级PS模板原位合成方法制备微米级单分散中空SiO_2微球,着重研究反应温度(50,70℃)、TEOS用量(2,3,4 g)、氨水用量(1,2,3 mL)与MTC用量(0.2,0.4 g)等参数对中空微球的影响,获得微米级(1~5μm)、结构(孔径、壁厚等)可控的单分散中空SiO_2微球的最佳制备工艺,通过扫描电镜分析(SEM)、透射电镜分析(TEM)、红外光谱分析(FT-IR)、热失重分析(TGA)、氮吸附(BET)等测试手段表征了微球性能。     

原位还原制备Au-P/SiO_2催化剂及其催化性能

甲酸分解制氢是解决能源问题的有效途径,与Pd催化剂相比,Au催化剂不易失活,具有较好的稳定性.使用次亚磷酸钠原位还原制备了Au-P/SiO_2催化剂,并利用X射线衍射、透射电子显微镜和X射线光电子能谱等表征手段探讨其结构,并以甲酸分解为目标反应研究其催化性能.结果表明,该方法制备的催化剂中Au粒子(粒径3nm左右)均匀分散在SiO_2表面,且P掺杂进入Au的晶格形成Au-P复合物,改变了Au的电子结构.同时反应过程中产生的PⅢ被Au3+氧化生成磷酸金,提供酸性中心,使Au-P/SiO_2催化剂表现出较Au/SiO_2催化剂更加优越的催化性能.在363K,4mol/L的甲酸溶液中,Au-P/SiO_2催化剂催化甲酸分解的转化率可达51%,是未掺杂的Au/SiO_2催化剂的4倍.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that