Excitation energy distribution between two photosystems inPorphyra yezoensis and its significance in photosynthesis evolution

Comparative investigation on energy distribution between two photosystems were carried out in the sporo- phytes and gametophytes of Porphyra yezoensis. By perfor- ming 77 K fluorescence spectra, we suggested that there probably existed a pathway for energy transfer from PSⅡ to PSⅠ to redistribute the absorbed energy in gametophytes, while no such a way or at minor level in sporophytes. Electron transfer inhibitor DCMU blocked the energy transfer from PSⅡ to PSⅠ in gametophytes, but no obvious effects on sporophytes. These indicated that excitation energy distribution between two photosystems in gametophytes was more cooperative than that in sporophytes. These data in ontogenesis reflected the evolution process of photosynthetic organisms and supported the hypothesis of independent evolution of each photosystem.     

Structural Changes of Water Molecules Upon the Reduction of Quinones in The Reaction Center from Rhodobactery Sphaeroides

1 Results The photosynthetic bacterial reaction center (RC) is a membrane protein complex.The RC is composed of three protein subunits and redox components such as bacteriochlorophylls, bacteriopheophytins,and quinones.The RC performs the photochemical electron transfer from the bacteriochlorophyll dimer through a series of electron donor and acceptor molecules to a secondary quinone,QB.QB accepts electrons from a primary quinone,QA,in two sequential electron transfer reactions.The second electron transfer to QB is coupled to the uptake of two protons from the cytoplasmic side,leading to the formation of the dihydroquinone QBH2 that diffuses out of the RC[1].     

Transfer of a eubacteria-type cell division site-determining factor CrMinD gene to the nucleus from the chloroplast genome in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

MinD is a ubiquitous ATPase that plays a crucial role in selection of the division site in eubacteria, chloroplasts, and probably Archaea. In four green algae, Mesostigma viride, Nephroselmis olivacea, Chlorella vulgaris and Prototheca wickerhamii, MinD homologues are encoded in the plastid genome. However, in Arabidopsis, MinD is a nucleus-encoded, chloroplast-targeted protein involved in chloro- plast division, which suggests that MinD has been transferred to the nucleus in higher land plants. Yet the lateral gene transfer (LGT) of MinD from plastid to nucleus during plastid evolution remains poorly understood. Here, we identified a nucleus-encoded MinD homologue from unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a basal species in the green plant lineage. Overexpression of CrMinD in wild type E. coli inhibited cell division and resulted in the filamentous cell formation, clearly demon- strated the conservation of the MinD protein during the evolution of photosynthetic eukaryotes. The transient expression of CrMinD-egfp confirmed the role of CrMinD protein in the regulation of plastid division. Searching all the published plastid genomic sequences of land plants, no MinD homologues were found, which suggests that the transfer of MinD from plastid to nucleus might have occurred be- fore the evolution of land plants.     

Transfer of a eubacteria-type cell division site-determining factor CrldfnD 8ene to the nucleus from the chloroplast genome in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

MinD is a ubiquitous ATPase that plays a crucial role in selection of the division site in eubacteria, chloroplasts, and probably Archaea. In four green algae, MesosUgma viride, Nephroselmis olivacea, Chlorella vulgaris and Prototheca wickerhamii, MinD homologues are encoded in the plastid genome. However, in Arabidopsis, MinD is a nucleus-encoded, chloroplast-targeted protein involved in chloroplast division, which suggests that MinD has been transferred to the nucleus in higher land plants. Yet the lateral gene transfer （LGT） of MinD from plastid to nucleus during plastid evolution remains poorly understood. Here, we identified a nucleus-encoded MinD homologue from unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a basal species in the green plant lineage. Overexpression of CrMinD in wild type E. coil inhibited cell division and resulted in the filamentous cell formation, clearly demonstrated the conservation of the MinD protein during the evolution of photosynthetic eukaryotes. The transient expression of CrMinD-egfp confirmed the role of CrMinD protein in the regulation of plastid division. Searching all the published plastid genomic sequences of land plants, no MinD homologues were found, which suggests that the transfer of MinD from plastid to nucleus might have occurred before the evolution of land plants.     

Improving photosynthesis of microalgae by changing the ratio of light-harvesting pigments

Changing the ratio of light-harvesting pigments was regarded as an efficient way to improve the photosynthesis rate in microalgae, but the underlying mechanism is still unclear. In the present study, a mutant of Anabeana simensis （called SP） was selected from retrieved satellite cultures. Several parameters related with photosynthesis, such as the growth, photosynthesis rate, the content of photosynthetic pigment, low temperature fluorescence spectrum （77K） and electron transport rate, were compared with those of the wild type. It was found that the change in the ratio of light-harvesting pigments in the mutant led to more efficient light energy transfer and usage in mutant than in the wild type. This may be the reason why the mutant had higher photosynthesis and growth rates.     

Study on the effect of highway construction on photosynthetic rate of roadsides plant in Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region

A case study was conducted on Dabao （from Dali city to Baoshan city） and Sixiao （from Simao city to Xiaomengyang town） highways in Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region to investigate the effect of highway construction on photosynthetic rate of roadsides plants. The dominant species in the plant communities were selected to measure the variation of their photosynthetic rate with the distance to the highway, so as to analyze the effect of highway construction on photosynthesis and growth of roadside plants by using mathematic methods including contrast analysis, regress analysis and so on. Results indicate： （1） Highway construction reduced the plant photosynthetic rate of the arbor and crop, and improved the plant photosynthetic rate of the shrub and herbage; （2） highway construction directly affected the plant photosynthetic rate through changing the structure of plant community and living state of plant, and indirectly affected the plant photosynthetic rate through changing its environmental factors; （3） the location and topography of road are also important factors affecting plant photosynthetic rate on roadsides, the influencing incidence and intensity on plant photosynthetic rate under different topographies caused by the two selected highways were obviously different.     

Photosynthesis responses of endemic shrubs of Taklimakan Desert to adverse temperature,humidity and radiation

Under the native habitat conditions, the seasonal gas exchange characteristics of two natural endemic plant species, Calligonum taklimakanensis B.R. Pan & G.M. Shen and Tamarix taklamakanensis M.T. Liu, which are located in the hinterland of the Taklimakan Desert, are measured and compared by Li-6400 photosynthesis system. The results indicate that temperature (℃), solar radiation (PAR), soil water content (SWC), and other environmental factors have obvious seasonal variations and the gas exchange characteristics of two plants have different changes in different growing seasons. For C. taklimakanensis, both in July and September, its daily changes of net photosynthetic rate tend to be obvious double peak curve, but in July its peak appeared earlier. Besides its maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pmax), apparent quantum efficiency (Φ ), range of effective photosynthetic radiation significantly less than that in September. Moreover, its water use efficiency (WUE) in July was also lower than that in September due to the higher transpiration rate (Tr ). For T. taklamakanensis, although its daily change of net photosynthetic rate is a single peak curve in September, its peak time has not changed, and except that its WUE is higher in September like C. taklimakanensis, the maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pmax), apparent quantum effi- ciency (Φ ), light saturation point, and range of effective photosynthetic radiation has not changed or slightly declined. That is to say C. taklimakanensis select a season that habitat was better (like September) to progress relative effectively photosynthesis accumulation, in contrast, T. taklamakanensis still keep a relatively stable photosynthesis rate in different growth seasons. The difference of gas exchange characteristics of the two plants in different seasons shows that adaptation strategies of the two plants to extreme conditions in desert are different. Besides, both the higher photosynthetic accumulation rate and the higher water use efficiency in September also indicate th     

Recent progress in computational thermal radiative transfer

The equation describing the transfer of radiant energy in semitransparent media is radiative transfer equation. In three-dimensional semitransparent media, radiative intensity is a function of 7 dimensions, which can only be solved through the numerical method in most circumstances. Numerical simulation has become an important way in the study and application of the theory of thermal radiative transfer in semitransparent media. This paper reviews the recent progress of Chinese scholars in the field of computational thermal radiative transfer, and proposes some important subjects in this field for future study.     

Mass transfer of phosphorus in high-phosphorus hot-metal refining

Mass transfer of phosphorus in high-phosphorus hot-metal refining was investigated using CaO-Fe_tO-SiO₂ slags at 1623 K. Based on a two-film theory kinetic model and experimental results, it was found that the overall mass transfer coefficient, which includes the effects of mass transfer in both the slag phase and metal phase, is in the range of 0.0047 to 0.0240 cm/s. With the addition of a small amount of fluxing agents Al₂O₃ or Na₂O into the slag, the overall mass transfer coefficient has an obvious increase. Silicon content in the hot metal also influences the overall mass transfer coefficient. The overall mass transfer coefficient in the lower[Si] heat is much higher than that in the higher[Si] heat. It is concluded that both fluxing agents and lower[Si] hot metal facilitate mass transfer of phosphorus in liquid phases. Furthermore, the addition of Na₂O could also prevent rephosphorization at the end of the experiment.     

Heat transfer process of roadway embankments with different type and width of road surface in permafrost regions

The stability of roadbed in permafrost areas has become a big concern with rapid development and construction of throughways, highways and railways in these areas under the current climate change since it is governed by the thermal condition, or in other words, the heat transfer process in the embankment. We carried out a finite element analysis to analyze the effects of different types of road surface and the effect of breadth of embankment on the embankment heat transfer process. The results indicated that the mean annual heat transfer rate at the bottom of the roadway embankment with asphalt surfaces is 3 times that with sandy gravel surfaces. This means annual heat transfer rate increased by 60% when the breadth of asphalt surface was doubled. The increased heat transfer rate was mainly located at the bottom of the embankment and resulted in the effect of thermal concentration,. leading to degradation of the permafrost by as much as 1.6 times. It was also found that increasing embankment height would not reduce these increases of the heat transfer rate. Therefore both asphalt road surface and increased embankment breadth can lead to an intensified heat transfer rate in roadway embankment, consequently degradating the underlying permafrost and embankment instability.     

Heat transfer process of roadway embankments with different type and width of road surface in permafrost regions

The stability of roadbed in permafrost areas has become a big concern with rapid development and construction of throughways, highways and railways in these areas under the current climate change since it is governed by the thermal condition, or in other words, the heat transfer process in the embankment. We carried out a finite element analysis to analyze the effects of different types of road surface and the effect of breadth of embankment on the embankment heat transfer process. The results indicated that the mean annual heat transfer rate at the bottom of the roadway embankment with asphalt surfaces is 3 times that with sandy gravel surfaces. This means annual heat transfer rate increased by 60% when the breadth of asphalt surface was doubled. The increased heat transfer rate was mainly located at the bottom of the embankment and resulted in the effect of thermal concentration,. leading to degradation of the permafrost by as much as 1.6 times. It was also found that increasing embankment height would not reduce these increases of the heat transfer rate. Therefore both asphalt road surface and increased embankment breadth can lead to an intensified heat transfer rate in roadway embankment, consequently degradating the underlying permafrost and embankment instability.     

Analysis of the effects of mass transfer on heat transfer in the process of moisture exchange across a membrane

A theoretical study was conducted to investigate the effects of mass transfer on heat transfer in the process of moisture exchange across a membrane and a mathematical model describing the heat transfer with consideration of the effect of mass transfer was developed.A dimensionless variable,ψi,which presents the degree to which the mass transfer affects the heat transfer,was proposed through theoretical analysis.With calculating of this dimensionless variable,the heat transfer coupled with mass transfer can...     

量子点在荧光共振能量转移技术中的应用研究进展

Quantum dots can be overcome traditional organic fluorescent dye deficiencies,such as the narrow of absorption spectra,the tailing of emission spectrum. Therefore,quantum dots can be used as a new type of fluorescent probe in resonance energy transfer technology,instead of the traditional organic fluorescent dye. In recent years, the study of quantum dots used in resonance energy transfer technology research become more widely, this paper review the application of quantum dot used in fluorescence resonance energy transfer in recent years.     

Foundation of three—dimensional mathematical models for glass furnace regenerator

This paper presents a practical three-dimensional meathematical model of circulation and heat transfer in generator of glass melting furnaces.The model was based on the heat transfer between the smoke flow and the lattice units,and between the air flow and the lattice units.This model not only bypassed the difficulty of complicated computation of the heat transfer process in the regenerator of glass furnaces,but also avoided the irrationality of fixing the temperature distribution on the surfaces.Use of the model yielded very important data and also the method for the design of the regenerator of glass furnaces in practical production.     

STUDY OF THE HEAT AND HUMIDITY TRANSFER PROCESSES BETWEEN AIR AND WATER IN THE AIR WASHER

The processes of heat and humidity transfer between air and water are what to be studied mainly in the paper, we put forward some main factors which influence the processes of heat and humidity transfer in the air washer. We come to the conclusion that we can change these main factors to achieve different heat and humidity transfer processes and decide processes of heat and humidity transfer of air and water with the initial temperature of spraying water in the air washer. All these results can make things convenient for the air conditioning management.     

Thin films of porphyrinperylene molecular array fabricated by electrophoresis methodology

Porphyrin-perylene dyad molecular arrays are impor-tant building blocks for mimic photosynthetic systems and molecular opto-electronics such as molecular wires, logic gates and molecular switches. In recent years, Wasielewski’s group[1―3] and Bocian and Lindsey’s group[4―7] have systematically investigated the electronic structure, the mechanism of transient photoinduced charge and/or energy transfer in a few representative porphyrin- perylene arrays, the acquired results threw light on th…     

Physiological and ultralstructural changes of Chlorella sp. induced by UV-B radiation

In order to investigate the mechanisms of enhanced UV-B radiation on algae, the effects of UV-B radiation on the physiological and ultrastructural changes of Chlorella sp. were examined. The results showed that UV-B radiation could inhibit the growth and photosynthesis of microalgae. UV-B radiation at lower doses increased the photosynthetic pigment (chlorophyll a (Chla) and carotenoid (Car)) contents, while at higher doses of UV-B radiation Chla and Car contents were decreased. The ultrastructure of Chlorella sp. without exposure to UV-B showed that the thylakoid lamellae were clear and regular, the stroma of its chloroplast was apparent and clear. The globules with photosynthetic pigments and the cristae of mitochondria were clearly seen. After exposure to UV-B radiation at dose of 2.88 kJm2, the thylakoid lamellae of Chlorella sp. were lost and dissolved, the globules which contained photosynthetic pigments in chloroplast were bleached; some mitochondria cristae were dissolved; slight plasmolysis was found in some Chlorella sp. cells. After exposure to 5.76 kJm2 UV-B radiation, the thylakoid was in disarray and disintegration, plasmolysis was found in most cells, and the cell wall was broken and began to fall out. Many blank areas were observed in cells, mitochondria were seriously deformed and most of the mitochondria cristae were dissolved. Also, globules containing photosynthetic pigments in chloroplast were bleached and some empty globules were found in chloroplast. Therefore, UV-B radiation could damage cell structure of Chlorella sp., and this damage increased with the dose of UV-B radiation they exposed to.     

Physical quantity synergy in laminar flow field of convective heat transfer and analysis of heat transfer enhancement

Based on the principle of field synergy for heat transfer enhancement, the concept of physical quantity synergy in the laminar flow field is proposed in the present study according to the physical mechanism of convective heat transfer between fluid and tube wall. The synergy regulation among physical quantities of fluid particle is revealed by establishing formulas reflecting the relation between synergy angles and heat transfer enhancement. The physical nature of enhancing heat transfer and reducing flow resistance, which is directly associated with synergy angles α,β,γ,φ,θ and ψ; is also explained. Besides, the principle of synergy among physical quantities is numerically verified by the calculation of heat transfer and flow in a thin cylinder-interpolated tube, which may guide the optimum design for better heat transfer unit and high-efficiency heat exchanger.     

Effect of particle loading on heat transfer enhancement in a gas-solid suspension cross flow

Heat transfer between gas-solid multiphase flow and tubes occurs in many industry processes, such as circulating fluidized bed process, pneumatic conveying process, chemical process, drying process, etc. (This paper focuses on the influence of the presence of particles on the heat transfer between a tube and gas-solid sus-pension. The presence of particles causes positive enhancement of heat transfer in the case of high solid loading ratio, but heat transfer reduction has been found for in the case of very low soliding ratio (Ms of less than 0.05 kg/kg). A usefial correlation ineorpomting solid lolling ratio, particle size and flow Reytmlds number was derived from experimental data. In addition, the κ-ε two-equation model and the Fluctuation-Spectrum-Random-Trajectory Model (FSRT Model) are used to simulate the flow field and heat transit of the gas-phase and the solid-phase, respectively. Through coupling of the two phases the model can predict the local and total heat transfer characteristics of tube in gas-solid cross flow. For the total heat transfer enhancement due to particles loading the model predictions agreed well wih experimental data.     

Experimental investigation of bioheat transfer characteristics induced by pulsed-laser irradiation

An experimental study of bioheat transfer characteristics induced by pulsed-laser irradiation was presented. The heat transfer characteristics of bio-materials, and the influences of pulse duration, power density, species of bio-materials, thickness and initial moisture content of bio-materials on heat transfer were studied in details. The experimental results indicate that the penetration and absorption of laser in bio-materials are considerable, the heat transfer inside the bio-materials should include the effects of volumetric absorption, pulse duration, power density, bio-materials thickness, and material species have a significant influence on the temperature variation.