场协同原理在强化换热与脉管制冷机性能改进中的应用(上)

简要地介绍了场协同原理的基本思想，综述了文献中应用数值分析方法讨论场协同原理在强化单相对流换热分析中的应用情况，说明场协同原理可以将现有文献中关于强化单相对流换热的3种说法统一起来，因而是强化单相对流换热的统一理论。     

离心力场作用下对流换热场协同理论的实验验证

对离心流化床(CFB)干燥器中气体与被干燥颗粒物料之间的强制对流换热进行了实验研究．实验结果表明，在一定转速范围内，当气流速度方向和热流方向(即温度梯度方向)一致时，离心力场作用下气体流过颗粒层的对流换热准则关联式与由场协同理论中推导的结果具有同样形式，从而验证了场协同原理的正确性．     

换热场协同理论的数值模拟

场协同理论把对流换热比拟为有内热源的导热问题 ,认为对流换热的强化不仅取决于流体的流动和流体的物性 ,还取决于流场与温度场的协同关系。该文在场协同理论指导下进行了强化换热的机理探讨 ,利用数值分析的方法 ,从分析流场与温度场的协同配合关系入手 ,研究等壁温和等热流两种边界条件下两无限大平板间流动的换热特点。研究结果表明 ,在两无限大平板通道的流动换热特性和流场与温度场的协同状况有密切关系 ,并揭示了在该流动中影响换热的主要当量源。有针对性提出强化换热的方向。场协同理论为强化换热技术的发展提供了理论依据     

强化对流换热场协同唯象理论

根据现代热力学流与力的热力学线性唯象关系，导出了对流换热强度与流体中存在的各种内场及外场的关系，从唯象上阐明了降低热边界层厚度、增加流体优动和增加近壁面速度梯度的强化对流换热方法的物理机制。结果表明，强化对流换热的本质是控制内场和外场方向的协同，并从此可指导发展强化对流换热的新方法。     

纵向涡发生器强化换热的场协同分析

通过在流道内安装三角形涡发生器可以产生纵向涡旋。本文以场协同理论为指导讨论了在较低壁温（小于120℃）条件下、Re在800－7000范围内，空气介质在强迫对流的情况下，水平加热片上安装三角形涡发生器的强化换热机制。     

新型强化传热螺杆结构传热性能数值研究及场协同分析

利用CFD软件fluent对普通螺杆结构和新型强化传热螺杆结构在塑化计量段中的三维非等温流场进行数值模拟,研究两种结构流道内熔体的速度场、轴向和径向温度场、对流传热系数及场协同角的不同。结果表明：在塑化过程中,新型强化传热结构存在着径向的对流传质过程,加强了径向的对流传热,因此有较好的径向温度分布;新型结构较普通螺杆结构有较高的对流换热系数和较好的场协同性,从而加强了螺杆的对流传热。     

射流纵向涡强化换热的数值模拟

为研究射流引起的纵向涡对流动和换热性能的影响,采用数值方法模拟了三维矩形通道内有射流从底面进入时的定常、不可压层流对流换热,得到了纵向涡影响下的速度场和温度场以及沿流动方向局部Nusselt数的分布.以场协同原理为指导,分析了射流纵向涡强化换热的原因,并进一步研究了射流角对纵向涡的换热强化效果的影响.结果表明 纵向涡改善了通道内速度场和温度场的协同关系,强化了对流换热; 射流垂直底面入射时,纵向涡的换热强化效果较好.     

场协同原理强化管外降膜吸收传热特性实验研究

对基于场协同原理设计的两种强化传热管型进行了LiBr降膜吸收水蒸气过程的传热实验研究,并与光滑铜管作比较,考查该传热管型在吸收过程中的强化作用.实验测量参数包括;溶液进出口温度、浓度,流量,冷却水进出口温度、流量等.实验结果表明,两种强化传热管型在低雷诺数时对LiBr降膜吸收传热的强化比分别为20%和50%,而且随着雷诺数的增大而增大.利用场协同理论和降液膜流动的波动特性分析了强化降膜吸收过程传热特性的物理机制,发现速度矢量与温度梯度的夹角及降液膜厚度形成的阻力对对流换热有一定影响.     

场协同原理在强化换热与脉管制冷机性能改进中的应用(下)

综述了文献中应用数值分析方法对讨论场协同原理在脉管制冷机性能分析中应用的情况，说明迄今为止三代脉管制冷机性能的改进都可以用场协同原理得到合理的解释。最后给出了应用场协同原理改进脉管制冷机性能的实例以及作者对进一步开展研究的设想。     

多孔介质中自然对流传热的场协同分析

基于多孔介质内部热、湿、气耦合迁移的数学模型,用场协同理论的观点,推导出含湿多孔介质自然对流传热的气相流体与壁面间的整体和局部换热系数.针对宽高比为1∶3的竖直封闭多孔腔,数值检验了含湿非饱和多孔介质自然对流的场协同现象:即非饱和多孔介质自然对流的强度不仅取决于温差、气相速度和流体物性,还取决于气相速度和温度梯度之间的协同.改变气相速度和温度梯度的协同性,将影响非饱和多孔介质自然对流传热的强度.     

Physical quantity synergy in the field of turbulent heat transfer and its analysis for heat transfer enhancement

Based on the principle of physical quantity synergy in the field of laminar heat transfer, and according to the models of zero equation and k-ε two equations for the turbulent flow, the synergy equations for both energy and momentum conservation in the turbulent heat transfer are established. The synergy regulation among heat flux, mass flow and fluid driving force, and the mechanism of heat transfer enhancement it reflects are revealed. The synergy principle of physical quantity in the thermal flow field is extended from laminar flow to turbulent flow. The principle is verified to be universal by the calculation of heat transfer enhancement in a tube with an insert of helical twisted tape. Thus, corresponding to the synergy relation among physical quantities in the turbulent flow field, the performance of convective heat transfer and flow resistance for the tubes with different heat transfer components and surface can be compared through theoretical and computational analysis, which thereby provides a guidance for designing heat transfer units and heat exchangers.     

Physical quantity synergy in laminar flow field of convective heat transfer and analysis of heat transfer enhancement

Based on the principle of field synergy for heat transfer enhancement, the concept of physical quantity synergy in the laminar flow field is proposed in the present study according to the physical mechanism of convective heat transfer between fluid and tube wall. The synergy regulation among physical quantities of fluid particle is revealed by establishing formulas reflecting the relation between synergy angles and heat transfer enhancement. The physical nature of enhancing heat transfer and reducing flow resistance, which is directly associated with synergy angles α,β,γ,φ,θ and ψ; is also explained. Besides, the principle of synergy among physical quantities is numerically verified by the calculation of heat transfer and flow in a thin cylinder-interpolated tube, which may guide the optimum design for better heat transfer unit and high-efficiency heat exchanger.     

Optimization of flue gas convective heat transfer with condensation in a rectangular channel

Conservation equations of sensible entarnsy and latent entransy are established for flue gas convective heat transfer with condensation in a rectangular channel and the entransy dissipation expression is deduced. The field synergy equation is obtained on the basis of the extremum entransy dissipation principle for flue gas convective heat transfer with condensation. The optimal velocity field is numerically obtained by solving the field synergy equation. The results show that the optimal velocity field has multiple longitudinal vortices, which improve the synergy not only between the veloctiy and temperature fields but also between the velocity and vapor concentration fields. Therefore, the convective heat and mass transfers are significantly enhanced. Flow with multiple longitudinal vortices close to the optimal velocity field can be generated by discrete double-inclined ribs set in the rectangular channel. The numerical results show that the total heat transfer rate in the discrete double-inclined rib channel increases by 29.02% and the condensing heat transfer rate increases by 27.46% for Re = 600 compared with the plain channel.     

Field synergy principle of heat and mass transfer

Simultaneous heat and mass transfer widely exists in nature and engineering, and it is of vital importance to enhance heat and mass transfer efficiency. In this paper, field synergy equation of heat and mass transfer is derived from its energy equation. Results show that the total transferred heat （including the conducted heat and the heat transferred by mass diffusion through the heat transfer interface） is determined by the values of fluid velocity and enthalpy gradient as well as the value of synergy angle α of velocity vector and enthalpy gradient field. Decreasing the value of α enhances the heat and mass transfer. This means the higher the synergy of velocity vector and enthalpy gradient field, the higher the total transferred heat. By the synergy principle of heat and mass transfer, some methods may be developed to improve the heat and mass transfer efficiency.     

强化对流传质的物理机制及其控制

根据对流传质强度与流体中存在的各种内场及其外场的关系，阐明了降低浓度边界层厚度、增加流体扰动和增加近壁面速度梯度的强化对流传质方法的物理机制，其本质是控制流体中内场及其外场之间的相互协同。进一步给出了强化传质场协同控制方法，以此可指导发展强化对流传质单元的新方法。     

滚动轮胎表面对流换热系数的研究

对滚动轮胎表面同时考虑风吹和旋转的影响,在风洞中采用热质比拟原理,对风吹旋转圆盘的对流换热规律进行了研究,得到了圆盘半径范围内局部点的无量纲因次方程式.用相似原理把对流换热实验结果模拟到轮胎上,确定了在行驶速度为60~90 km/h的范围内,165/70R10型轮胎的平均对流换热系数随速度的变化规律,得到了拟合公式.研究表明平均对流换热系数随着速度的增加呈现线性增加的趋势.