亚高山针叶林群落系统的生态学过程和持续性机制

森林生态系统由于其复杂的物质循环与能量转化通道，直接参与地图一生物圈问的生物地球化学循环。因此，对森林生态系统结构与功能的研究一直是研究全球生态环境问题的核心。目前在这个研究领域的共识是：对生态系统功能的了解首先是基于对系统组分过程结构和动态的理解，而生态系统多功能的持续性机制在于确保组成系统的各组分过程结构的维持和良好的协调。在森林群落生态系统中，最基本的植物、生态学过程是能流传输(transfer)和分配(partitioning)过程，碳、养分和水循环过程，生态位的相对稳定和分化过程以及植物的生长，死亡和更新过程。川西亚高山针叶林是我国西部目前唯一保存良好的天然森林。除了它重要的、不可替代的生态、经济和社会地位外，从生态系统本身以及与全球气候变化的联系上，地处高寒环境下的川西亚高山针叶林生态系统有其独特之处：相对简单的层次结构和种丰富度，清晰的更新和演替规律，有意义的地质、气候和区系历史，巨大的土壤冷冻碳库，更加分化的结构和功能类型，复杂的地形、地貌组合以及生态位的多样性等。这些特征一方面给系统生态过程研究带来许多挑战性的问题，另一方面为研究植被动态过程以及植被与气候变化相互作用提供了一个天然实验室。     

干热河谷不同岩土组成坡地的降水入渗与林木生长

坡地对降水的入渗能力是决定干热河谷坡地土壤水分条件和林木生长的重要因素, 坡地入渗能力低是造成干热河谷土壤干旱的主要原因之一. 由于岩土孔隙状况的差异, 不同岩土组成坡地的入渗能力差异较大. 片岩坡地入渗速率为1.40～8.67 mm/min, 砂砾层坡地为6.33 mm/min, 砾石层坡地为0.69～2.20 mm/min, 轻度侵蚀泥岩坡地为0.6～1.3 mm/min, 强度侵蚀泥岩坡地为0.03～0.63 mm/min. 泥岩坡地土体黏重板结, 入渗能力弱, 天然降水入渗少, 对土壤水分的有效补充较少. 在干旱季节土体极其干旱, 林木生长停止, 甚至受到干旱的生理伤害枯死, 林分生产力低, 极难恢复森林植被. 片岩坡地、砾石层坡地、砂砾层坡地等石质山地土体裂隙发育, 入渗能力强, 天然降水入渗多, 对土体水分的有效补充较多, 在干旱季节岩土深层有少量有效储水供林木吸收利用, 维持其正常生理活动的水分需要, 林木生长较泥岩坡地上的林木生长快, 林分生产力高. 干热河谷的植被恢复应针对不同坡地类型生境的土壤水分条件, 主要依靠优势生活型植物种类, 进行乔-灌-草不同生活型植物类型的合理配置, 建立起植被与生境土壤水分条件的群落生态关系, 方能达到成功的目的. 另一方面, 增加降水入渗的造林整地措施和集流入渗的工程措施是干热河谷植被恢复的主要技术关键之一.     

植物次生代谢研究

次生代谢是植物重要的生命活动,与植物的生长发育及其对环境的适应密切相关。同时次生代谢产物也是重要的药物和化工原料来源。次生代谢过程及代谢物的积累受到自身和环境中各种生物和非生物因素的调控。随着基因组和代谢组等组学技术的产生和发展,植物次生代谢研究获得了前所未有的机会。通过对代谢过程的深入了解,利用系统生物学方法开展预见性代谢工程将会成为未来的研究趋势。     

升高CO2浓度和温度对针叶林的影响以及在川西亚高山针叶林研究中的展望

以CO2浓度和温度升高为主要特征的全球气候变化受到了世界各国科学家们的普遍关注。目前已经有大量关于森林生态系统对全球变化响应的研究报道和综述性文章,涉及分子、生理生态、种群和群落生态以及区域和全球尺度等微观和宏观领域的研究内容,因而要想对森林生态系统对全球变化的响应研究进行全面的综述是相当困难的。因此,本文只简要评述了森林生态系统对升高CO2浓度和温度响应研究中的诸如CO2浓度和温度升高对森林生长和生产力的影响、森林生态系统物种组成和多样性对升高CO2浓度和温度的响应、植被变化与全球碳循环的互动以及气候变化与森林生态系统生物地球化学循环的关系等几个热点问题。川西亚高山针叶林区为我国的第二大林区,地处高山峡谷地带,是全球变化的敏感地带。相对简单的植物群落结构、较低的物种丰富度和多样性、巨大的冷冻土壤碳库、不同演替阶段和功能的植物群落组合以及分布于林线附近的邻接效应等为研究针叶林系统对升高CO2浓度和温度的响应提供了良好的天然实验室。针叶林生产力、植物群落物种组成和多样性以及土壤碳氮过程等对升高CO2浓度和温度的响应对于预测未来气候变化下针叶林系统的生态过程具有重要意义。     

古气候动力学及国际PMIP进展

气候预测是上前全球变化研究的主要目标,自然条件下的古气候系统是预测气候变化的重要参照系,而以物理机制为基础的古气候模拟是探索气候变化动力机制、对预测未来变化的重要而有效的途径。近十年来《全球古气候模拟对比研究计划（ＰＭＩＰ）》是国际上主要古气候模型组织对６ｋａＢＰ和２１ｋａＭＰ进行气候动力模拟的计划。了解ＰＭＩＰ的基本概况２和研究方向,对于我国参与国际ＰＭＩＰ计划中的模拟和对比研究,力争与国际２０     

气候变暖和降水变化对地下生态过程的影响

地下生态学过程是指陆地生态系统地下部分结构、功能的动态变化过程,它与地上过程高度关联,是全面理解生态系统结构和功能,特别是对全球气候变化响应和适应机理的关键.气候变暖和降水变化是气候变化的两个重要方面,它们对地下生态学过程各个方面的影响复杂且重要,然而目前在这方面的综述文章并不多见.本文综述了气候变暖和降水变化对土壤碳收支、氮循环、土壤生物以及植物细根的周转等方面的研究进展,并在此基础上分析了相关研究领域的主要瓶颈,提出了一些亟待解决的科学问题,期望促进气候变化背景下地下生态学的发展.     

干湿交替对土壤有机碳矿化影响的研究进展

全球气候变化正在改变全球的降水格局,未来干旱和暴雨事件将会增多,进而加速土壤干湿交替现象的发生。土壤有机碳作为生态系统中最主要的碳贮存形态,很可能在干湿交替作用下发生改变。本文综述了近年来国内外有关土壤有机碳对干湿交替响应的研究,并从土壤结构和微生物活性变化两个方面阐述了干湿交替作用下土壤有机碳矿化的响应机理,最后分析了目前研究存在的不足与局限性,提出今后干湿交替条件下土壤有机碳矿化的研究方向及发展趋势,以便为全球变化背景下的土壤生态系统有机碳循环的预测和管理提供参考依据。     

盐胁迫对植物的影响及植物的抗盐机理

盐是影响植物生长和产量的主要环境因子之一,根据国内外最新的研究资料,从盐胁迫对植物的生长、水分关系、叶片解剖学、光和色素及蛋白、脂类、离子水平、抗氧化酶及抗氧化剂、氮素代谢、苹果酸盐代谢、叶绿体超微结构的影响,及影响光合作用的机制等方面入手,对植物盐胁迫研究现状及进展情况进行了综述,旨在为开展植物抗盐机理研究、选育培育耐盐植物新品种提供依据。     

植物形态生长对策研究进展

植物在其生长发育的各个阶段的生长行为及生活史策略皆与植物的形态可塑性有很大关系,可在一定程度上决定植物物种在生境中的分布格局及种群行为.植物生活史对策是植物物种维持生长和繁殖的资源最佳分配方式,物种的适应性是物种在进化过程中累积起来的,在形态上有很明显的表现,植物采取不同的形态生长策略就是为了使物种在某些阶段达到最大的适合度.已有的植物形态生长对策研究主要集中在植物繁殖体形态、幼苗形态策略、生长可塑性以及繁殖策略等方面,植物各阶段形态生长策略的权衡以及与植物在群落中的分布关系被认为是今后该方面研究的重要方面.     

横断山区干旱河谷研究现状和发展方向

干旱河谷及其所在的横断山区是独特的自然、气候和地理单元，是我国民族多样性、文化多样性、环境异质性以及生物多样性最为丰富的地区，少数民族分布最为集中的地区之一，也是西南经济最为落后、交通偏远、地质灾害最为严重的区域。干旱河谷以其较好的光热等条件成为整个横断山区人口和城镇分布集中的核心地带，但是由于干旱河谷脆弱的生态系统和特殊的交错带分布格局，决定了干旱河谷具有低阈值生态安全和高风险生态退化的特点。近几十年来在干旱河谷治理方面做了大量工作，在个别区域生态恢复方面取得了一些进展，农林可持续经营模式受到关注，经济资源植物引种和开发日益受到重视，基于地方特色的产业逐步得以兴起并取得初步成效。但从整个区域来看，干旱河谷研究方面还存在研究区域过分集中、人地关系研究缺乏、生态恢复模式过于单一等问题，加上人口和经济发展的压力，干旱河谷治理和开发的选择有限，使整个干旱河谷区次生干旱化仍然在发展中，生态环境退化状况仍在加剧，水土流失严重威胁本地和下游安全，资源和环境压力日益增加。干旱河谷进一步的研究应立足发展的需要，着重从干旱河谷本身演变机制的研究、全球变化背景下干旱河谷响应特征及规律、干旱河谷人地关系与上下游利益协同关系、干旱河谷景观结构和功能演变规律方面入手，在此基础上区分干旱河谷的自然和人为过程，全面制定整个干旱河谷区域的生态环境治理、经济与资源环境可持续战略，实现整个干旱河谷区域经济和环境持续协调发展。     

Research on quantitative assessment of climate change risk at an urban scale: Review of recent progress and outlook of future direction

Cities are not only major contributors to global climate change but also stand at the forefront of climate change impact. Quantifying and assessing the risk potentially induced by climate change has great significance for cities to undertake positive climate adaptation and risk prevention. However, most of the previous studies focus on global, national or regional dimensions, only a few have attempted to examine climate change risk at an urban scale and even less in the case of a recent literature review. As a result, a quantitative assessment of climate change risk for cities remains highly challenging. To fill this gap, the article makes a critical review of the recent literature on urban-scale climate change risk assessment, and classifies them into four major categories of studies which jointly constitute a stepwise modelling chain from global climate change towards urban-scale risk assessment. On this basis, the study summarizes the updated research progresses and discusses the major challenges to be overcome for the seamless coupling of climate simulation between different scales, the reproduction of compound climate events, the incorporation of non-market and long-lasting impacts and the representation of risk transmission insides or beyond a city. Furthermore, future directions to advance quantitative assessment of urban-scale climate change risk are highlighted, with fresh insights into improving study methodology, enriching knowledge of climate change impact on city, enhancing abundance and accessibility to data, and exploring the best practice to provide city-specific climate risk service.     

Climate change transformation: A definition and typology to guide decision making in urban environments

Climate change presents a threat to the sustainability of cities and their societies, and must be adequately addressed. Urban environments (cities) are responsible for the creation of a significant amount of greenhouse gas emissions which are the source of climate change. Cities have been increasingly the focus of action to address climate change, yet emissions are not significantly reducing. Additionally, there a lack of integration between adaptation and mitigation. This prevents responses adequate to limit global warming to 1.5^OC, and to be well adapted to anticipated changes. This paper critically analyses existing definitions and typologies of climate change actions. A definition of ‘climate change transformation’ is proposed which includes the integration of adaptation and mitigation goals to enable a new regime in which global warming is limited to 1.5^OC. A new three-part typology: ‘coping, malaction and transformation,’ is presented for categorising climate change actions by the extent to which they integrate adaptation and mitigation, and define a new regime. The typology is accompanied by illustrations to demonstrate the relationship between adaptation and mitigation. The definition, typology and illustration serve to guide effective climate change decision making, and provides principles to guide application in urban environments.     

Climate change transformation: A definition and typology to guide decision making in urban environments

Climate change presents a threat to the sustainability of cities and their societies, and must be adequately addressed. Urban environments (cities) are responsible for the creation of a significant amount of greenhouse gas emissions which are the source of climate change. Cities have been increasingly the focus of action to address climate change, yet emissions are not significantly reducing. Additionally, there a lack of integration between adaptation and mitigation. This prevents responses adequate to limit global warming to 1.5^OC, and to be well adapted to anticipated changes. This paper critically analyses existing definitions and typologies of climate change actions. A definition of ‘climate change transformation’ is proposed which includes the integration of adaptation and mitigation goals to enable a new regime in which global warming is limited to 1.5^OC. A new three-part typology: ‘coping, malaction and transformation,’ is presented for categorising climate change actions by the extent to which they integrate adaptation and mitigation, and define a new regime. The typology is accompanied by illustrations to demonstrate the relationship between adaptation and mitigation. The definition, typology and illustration serve to guide effective climate change decision making, and provides principles to guide application in urban environments.     

Climate change transformation: A definition and typology to guide decision making in urban environments

Climate change presents a threat to the sustainability of cities and their societies, and must be adequately addressed. Urban environments (cities) are responsible for the creation of a significant amount of greenhouse gas emissions which are the source of climate change. Cities have been increasingly the focus of action to address climate change, yet emissions are not significantly reducing. Additionally, there a lack of integration between adaptation and mitigation. This prevents responses adequate to limit global warming to 1.5^OC, and to be well adapted to anticipated changes. This paper critically analyses existing definitions and typologies of climate change actions. A definition of ‘climate change transformation’ is proposed which includes the integration of adaptation and mitigation goals to enable a new regime in which global warming is limited to 1.5^OC. A new three-part typology: ‘coping, malaction and transformation,’ is presented for categorising climate change actions by the extent to which they integrate adaptation and mitigation, and define a new regime. The typology is accompanied by illustrations to demonstrate the relationship between adaptation and mitigation. The definition, typology and illustration serve to guide effective climate change decision making, and provides principles to guide application in urban environments.     

General mechanisms of drought response and their application in drought resistance improvement in plants

Plants often encounter unfavorable environmental conditions because of their sessile lifestyle. These adverse factors greatly affect the geographic distribution of plants, as well as their growth and productivity. Drought stress is one of the premier limitations to global agricultural production due to the complexity of the water-limiting environment and changing climate. Plants have evolved a series of mechanisms at the morphological, physiological, biochemical, cellular, and molecular levels to overcome water deficit or drought stress conditions. The drought resistance of plants can be divided into four basic types-drought avoidance, drought tolerance, drought escape, and drought recovery. Various drought-related traits, including root traits, leaf traits, osmotic adjustment capabilities, water potential, ABA content, and stability of the cell membrane, have been used as indicators to evaluate the drought resistance of plants. In the last decade, scientists have investigated the genetic and molecular mechanisms of drought resistance to enhance the drought resistance of various crops, and significant progress has been made with regard to drought avoidance and drought tolerance. With increasing knowledge to comprehensively decipher the complicated mechanisms of drought resistance in model plants, it still remains an enormous challenge to develop water-saving and drought-resistant crops to cope with the water shortage and increasing demand for food production in the future.     

敦煌莫高窟蒸散量的估算与非线性分析

通过应用野外称重法测定的折算系数对莫高窟林地的蒸散量进行估算与分析。结果表明,莫高窟林地的年蒸散量为6091mm,符合耗散结构的非线性原理,是较高水平蒸散耗散结构存在的表现。莫高窟林地75%的水分是通过植物根系将深层土壤水分转运出地面后以蒸腾的形式耗散掉的。蒸散量作为各参与因子时空异质性的综合反映,随着土壤水分状况、气候环境、植被种类和植物体量的变化呈现广泛非线性表现。而非线性系统不满足线性叠加原理。因此,本文通过使用折算系数,避免了用蒸发量和蒸腾量的简单的相互叠加,充分考虑了土壤蒸发、植被蒸腾和气候环境之间的相互影响。研究发现,莫高窟林地蒸散量是极干旱气候条件下高水分耗散结构的典型代表。     

Public perception of climate change and disaster preparedness: Evidence from the Philippines

The Philippines is highly susceptible to both geophysical and climate-related disasters. This article explores Filipinos knowledge and perception of climate change and their association with what action Filipinos take to prepare for rapid onset natural hazards such as typhoons. Data for this study were collected from a nationally representative random survey of 5,184 adults conducted between March and April of 2017. Filipinos self-report relatively low levels of knowledge of climate change and cited increased temperatures, shifts in seasons, and heavier rains as the most likely consequences. Levels of disaster preparedness in the Philippines differ widely by region. Although most Filipinos perceive that natural hazards are a risk to them, only a third of Filipinos undertake measures to prepare for disasters. Filipinos who perceive climate-related changes directly impacting their households report taking greater action to prepare for disasters. Filipinos who believe they have been directly impacted by climate-related changes are also more likely to prepare for disasters, take planning actions, and undertake material actions to prepare, such as dwelling improvements. Other factors associated with disaster preparedness include gender, membership in an association, wealth, risk perception, and prior exposure to and losses due to disasters. The findings imply that, while posing different challenges and requiring different responses, adaptation to climate change and disaster preparedness are inherently associated and potentially mutually reinforcing. Policies and programs would arguably benefit from a more unified intervention framework that links climate change adaptation and disaster preparedness.     

Public perception of climate change and disaster preparedness: Evidence from the Philippines

The Philippines is highly susceptible to both geophysical and climate-related disasters. This article explores Filipinos knowledge and perception of climate change and their association with what action Filipinos take to prepare for rapid onset natural hazards such as typhoons. Data for this study were collected from a nationally representative random survey of 5,184 adults conducted between March and April of 2017. Filipinos self-report relatively low levels of knowledge of climate change and cited increased temperatures, shifts in seasons, and heavier rains as the most likely consequences. Levels of disaster preparedness in the Philippines differ widely by region. Although most Filipinos perceive that natural hazards are a risk to them, only a third of Filipinos undertake measures to prepare for disasters. Filipinos who perceive climate-related changes directly impacting their households report taking greater action to prepare for disasters. Filipinos who believe they have been directly impacted by climate-related changes are also more likely to prepare for disasters, take planning actions, and undertake material actions to prepare, such as dwelling improvements. Other factors associated with disaster preparedness include gender, membership in an association, wealth, risk perception, and prior exposure to and losses due to disasters. The findings imply that, while posing different challenges and requiring different responses, adaptation to climate change and disaster preparedness are inherently associated and potentially mutually reinforcing. Policies and programs would arguably benefit from a more unified intervention framework that links climate change adaptation and disaster preparedness.