Parallel adaptive radiations in two major clades of placental mammals

Higher level relationships among placental mammals, as well as the historical biogeography and morphological diversification of this group, remain unclear. Here we analyse independent molecular data sets, having aligned lengths of DNA of 5,708 and 2,947 base pairs, respectively, for all orders of placental mammals. Phylogenetic analyses resolve placental orders into four groups: Xenarthra, Afrotheria, Laurasiatheria, and Euarchonta plus Glires. The first three groups are consistently monophyletic with different methods of analysis. Euarchonta plus Glires is monophyletic or paraphyletic depending on the phylogenetic method. A unique nine-base-pair deletion in exon 11 of the BRCA1 gene provides additional support for the monophyly of Afrotheria, which includes proboscideans, sirenians, hyracoids, tubulidentates, macroscelideans, chrysochlorids and tenrecids. Laurasiatheria contains cetartiodactyls, perissodactyls, carnivores, pangolins, bats and eulipotyphlan insectivores. Parallel adaptive radiations have occurred within Laurasiatheria and Afrotheria. In each group, there are aquatic, ungulate and insectivore-like forms.     

迭代时反和自适应均衡联合的FMT水声通信

针对现有的滤波多音调制(FMT)水声通信需要使用较长的自适应均衡器来抑制水声信道中严重的多途效应引起的码间干扰这一问题,提出了迭代时反和自适应均衡联合的FMT水声通信方法.首先利用迭代方法构造的时反滤波器对解调后的各子载波信号进行滤波处理,然后利用自适应均衡器抑制残余的码间干扰.仿真分析和试验结果表明:由于迭代方法构造的时反滤波器可以显著压缩信道中的多途扩展,因此与仅使用自适应均衡的FMT水声通信方法及传统时反和自适应均衡联合处理的FMT水声通信方法相比,可以有效降低自适应均衡器的复杂度,并且通信性能更优.     

Accelerated speciation in colour-polymorphic birds

Colour polymorphism exemplifies extreme morphological diversity within populations. It is taxonomically widespread but generally rare. Theory suggests that where colour polymorphism does occur, processes generating and maintaining it can promote speciation but the generality of this claim is unclear. Here we confirm, using species-level molecular phylogenies for five families of non-passerine birds, that colour polymorphism is associated with accelerated speciation rates in the three groups in which polymorphism is most prevalent. In all five groups, colour polymorphism is lost at a significantly greater rate than it is gained. Thus, the general rarity and phylogenetic dispersion of colour polymorphism is accounted for by a combination of higher speciation rate and higher transition rate from polymorphism to monomorphism, consistent with theoretical models where speciation is driven by fixation of one or more morphs. This is corroborated by evidence from a species-level molecular phylogeny of passerines, incorporating 4,128 (66.5%) extant species, that polymorphic species tend to be younger than monomorphic species. Our results provide empirical support for the general proposition, dating from classical evolutionary theory, that colour polymorphism can increase speciation rates.     

西昌邛海水质富营养化状态评价

本文以2009至2011年邛海青龙寺、二水厂、公园、海河口四个监测点水质监测资料为基础,采用综合营养状态指数法对邛海水质进行综合评价。通过评价得出:由于总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)的升高及透明度(SD)的下降,邛海水质在海河口出现了轻度的富营养化。     

中国湖泊渔业与富营养化的关系

分析了湖泊中不同养殖鱼类对水体富营养化的影响,认为以“四大家鱼”为主体放养鱼种的中国湖泊养殖模式,加强了湖泊的富营养化。根据国情,大型水生植物收获法应是中国湖泊富营养化治理的最佳途径。     

校园内池塘水体富营养化状态评价

于2007年12月至2008年1月为期五周的时间里,对上饶师范学院校园内三口池塘的水质进行了调查,分别测定了水体的全氮（TN）、全磷（TP）、溶解氧（DO）、生化需氧量（COD）、叶绿素a（Chla）、透明度（SD）。采用综合营养状态指数法时校因内三口池塘富营养化状况进行了综合评价,池塘1和池塘2已达富营养化,池塘3处于中营养状态。对三口池塘周围污染源进行了详细调查并分析了富营养化成因,根据分析结果提出了对富营养化的池塘实行修复的可行性措施。以达到恢复和保护校园生态环境的目的。     

Supercurrent reversal in quantum dots

When two superconductors are electrically connected by a weak link--such as a tunnel barrier--a zero-resistance supercurrent can flow. This supercurrent is carried by Cooper pairs of electrons with a combined charge of twice the elementary charge, e. The 2e charge quantum is clearly visible in the height of voltage steps in Josephson junctions under microwave irradiation, and in the magnetic flux periodicity of h/2e (where h is Planck's constant) in superconducting quantum interference devices. Here we study supercurrents through a quantum dot created in a semiconductor nanowire by local electrostatic gating. Owing to strong Coulomb interaction, electrons only tunnel one-by-one through the discrete energy levels of the quantum dot. This nevertheless can yield a supercurrent when subsequent tunnel events are coherent. These quantum coherent tunnelling processes can result in either a positive or a negative supercurrent, that is, in a normal or a pi-junction, respectively. We demonstrate that the supercurrent reverses sign by adding a single electron spin to the quantum dot. When excited states of the quantum dot are involved in transport, the supercurrent sign also depends on the character of the orbital wavefunctions.     

Evidence for ecology's role in speciation

A principal challenge in testing the role of natural selection in speciation is to connect the build-up of reproductive isolation between populations to divergence of ecologically important traits. Demonstrations of 'parallel speciation', or assortative mating by selective environment, link ecology and isolation, but the phenotypic traits mediating isolation have not been confirmed. Here we show that the parallel build-up of mating incompatibilities between stickleback populations can be largely accounted for by assortative mating based on one trait, body size, which evolves predictably according to environment. In addition to documenting the influence of body size on reproductive isolation for stickleback populations spread across the Northern Hemisphere, we have confirmed its importance through a new experimental manipulation. Together, these results suggest that speciation may arise largely as a by-product of ecological differences and divergent selection on a small number of phenotypic traits.     

我国主要水库富营养化现状评价

对我国主要水库的富营养化现状调查结果表明,水库水质总体状况堪忧,并不同程度地发生了富营养化.被评价的135座水库中贫营养型水库38座,中营养型水库40座,富营养型水库57座,分别占调查水库总库容的17.6%,45.4%,37.0%.如不采取相应的措施,水体富营养化将日趋严重.     

Engineering evolution to study speciation in yeasts

The Saccharomyces 'sensu stricto' yeasts are a group of species that will mate with one another, but interspecific pairings produce sterile hybrids. A retrospective analysis of their genomes revealed that translocations between the chromosomes of these species do not correlate with the group's sequence-based phylogeny (that is, translocations do not drive the process of speciation). However, that analysis was unable to infer what contribution such rearrangements make to reproductive isolation between these organisms. Here, we report experiments that take an interventionist, rather than a retrospective approach to studying speciation, by reconfiguring the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome so that it is collinear with that of Saccharomyces mikatae. We demonstrate that this imposed genomic collinearity allows the generation of interspecific hybrids that produce a large proportion of spores that are viable, but extensively aneuploid. We obtained similar results in crosses between wild-type S. cerevisiae and the naturally collinear species Saccharomyces paradoxus, but not with non-collinear crosses. This controlled comparison of the effect of chromosomal translocation on species barriers suggests a mechanism for the generation of redundancy in the S. cerevisiae genome.     

天津近岸海域营养盐变化特征及富营养化概况分析

根据2004—2012年在渤海湾进行的连续监测结果,分析、探讨了渤海湾近年来营养盐的变化特征及富营养化概况.结果表明:近年来,渤海湾海水中DIN含量升高,DIP含量有所降低,与1978—1980年相比,DIN增加1.18倍,DIP降低62.1%;从空间分布上看,北塘和汉沽断面的营养盐含量高于其他断面;从时间分布上看,枯水期的营养盐含量低于丰水期;从无机氮的结构特征上看,NO3-N占无机氮含量的40.4%~81.5%,三态无机氮之间基本处于热力学平衡状态;从N/P比值、Si/N比值和Si/P比值上看,近年来渤海湾N/P比值升高,该海域已由原来的高磷低氮转换为低磷高氮的状态;富营养化评价结果是,2008—2012年渤海湾近岸海域NQI指数变化范围为3.24~4.28,平均值为3.71,全部处于富营养化状态.     

贵州草海水体富营养化的植物修复研究

草海自然保护区紧靠威宁县城,县城排放的生产、生活污水、农业废水总量的三分之一直接流入草海,污染草海水质,造成水体呈富营养化状态,严重影响到湿地水生生态系统的平衡和人类的健康,制约了流域经济社会和环境的可持续发展。在综述了植物修复技术的机理和影响因素的基础上,针对草海水体富营养化的特征和区域特点,结合现代植物修复技术,提...     

Evolutionary radiations and convergences in the structural organization of mammalian brains

The sizes of mammalian brain components seem to be mostly related to the sizes of the whole brain (and body), suggesting a one-dimensional scale of encephalization. Previous multivariate study of such data concludes that evolutionary selection for enlargement of any one brain part is constrained to selection for a concerted enlargement of the whole brain. However, interactions between structurally related pairs of brain parts confirm reports of differential change in brain nuclei, and imply mosaic rather than concerted evolution. Here we analyse a large number of variables simultaneously using multi-dimensional methods. We show that the relative proportions of different systems of functionally integrated brain structures vary independently between different mammalian orders, demonstrating separate evolutionary radiations in mammalian brain organization. Within each major order we identify clusters of unrelated species that occupy similar behavioural niches and have convergently evolved similar brain proportions. We conclude that within orders, mosaic brain organization is caused by selective adaptation, whereas between orders it suggests an interplay between selection and constraints.     

乌梁素海富营养化适度控制的研究

在内蒙古乌梁素海设立试验基地,进行较大规模富营养化适度控制技术的研究,试验表明:近年来乌梁素海平均每年参与积累的总氮约328.7t,总磷约28t,这些超负荷积累的营养物已使乌梁素海的生态结构严重退化,将使其在30年内演变成为芦苇沼泽地.采用机械化方式每年收割5×104t(干重)沉水植物可以转移氮825t、磷85t,能够有效地减缓湖泊内源性营养物负荷的储备速度,使输入与输出的营养盐趋于平衡.这是乌梁素海富营养化适度控制的一项关键技术,也是乌梁素海生态恢复的一个核心问题.有计划、合理地收割沉水植物,在对乌梁素海进行富营养化适度控制的同时可实现水生植物资源的开发利用,使乌梁素海的资源得到持续发展.     

海洋富营养化及与其它污染物间相互作用研究进展

局部海域的严重富营养化可引发赤潮,导致水质恶化,使鱼、虾和贝类等大量死亡;但赤潮藻类的迅速繁殖又能吸收大量的污染物,死亡后沉降埋藏干海底,可降低污染物的含量;重金属和有机污染物也可通过影响浮游藻类等的正常生长繁殖而影响到海域的富营养化水平。富营养化、重金属和有机污染这3大海洋环境问题之间的相互影响是海洋环境污染中相当关键的部分,研究3者之间的相互作用,是一个重要的课题。