高品质GCr15轴承钢二次精炼过程中夹杂物的演变规律

采用FE-SEM/EDS研究了转炉流程生产的GCr15轴承钢LF、RH精炼过程中夹杂物的演变规律,分析了其演变机理。结果表明:钢中复合夹杂物的演变规律可归纳为:Al2O3→MgO·Al2O3→(CaO-MgO-Al2O3-(CaS))复合氧化物夹杂和Al2O3→(Al2O3-MnS)→(Al2O3-MnS-Ti(C,N))复合氧硫碳氮物夹杂2种方式。LF精炼过程脱硫作用明显,钢中的硫化物夹杂数量大幅减少。LF精炼初期钢中主要是MnS、Al2O3、TiN的单相夹杂物。LF精炼结束后钢中的夹杂物演变为Al2O3为核心外包氧化物及MnS、TiN、Ti(C,N)、CaS的复合夹杂物。精炼渣中的CaO和耐火材料中的MgO经还原后与钢中溶解氧反应导致LF精炼结束时D类夹杂物增加。RH及软吹处理进一步强化了去除钢中的硫化物,但D类及其与A、T类复合的夹杂物含量增加。在LF阶段,夹杂物尺寸主要集中在1~3μm范围内,到RH阶段,夹杂物尺寸则主要集中分布在小于1μm的粒度范围。最大夹杂物尺寸由10.79μm降到5.68μm,单位面积夹杂个数由372个/mm2降到258个/mm2。RH及软吹处理有效地降低了钢中大于3μm的夹杂物。     

高品质轴承钢LF--VD过程非金属夹杂物演变规律

对国内一钢厂EAF→LF→VD→CC工艺生产的高品质GCr15轴承钢进行系统取样,针对DS类非金属夹杂物随机性强的特点,利用能够进行大面积试样检测的ASPEX自动扫描电镜分析统计钢中非金属夹杂物的成分、尺寸、数量等信息。研究发现：GCr15轴承钢冶炼过程中非金属夹杂物主要为MgO- Al2 O3- CaO复合夹杂物和MnS,同时有少量的SiO2- Al2 O3和MgO-Al2 O3复合夹杂物;夹杂物尺寸主要集中在3~8μm,并有少量DS类夹杂物出现且尺寸范围波动很大,最大可以达70μm以上,形貌为圆形或近似圆形;VD有较强的去除夹杂物功能,经过VD真空精炼,夹杂物中CaO含量有增加趋势;吊包至铸坯过程,夹杂物成分向Al2 O3含量增多的区域移动,最终轴承钢铸坯中夹杂物成分位于高Al2 O3含量(≥80%),少量MgO (<20%)和低CaO(<5%)的区域;DS夹杂物的生成和去除具有较强的随机性。     

帘线钢凝固过程中夹杂物析出

为了充分了解帘线钢中夹杂物,对钢液凝固过程析出夹杂物进行了分析. 结果发现:Al2O3夹杂物在凝固过程中先析出,且Al2O3夹杂物长大的限制性环节为[Al]在钢液中的扩散;当凝固分数为0.44时SiO2开始析出,且SiO2长大的限制性环节为[O]在钢液中的扩散;析出夹杂物的半径随着冷却强度的增大而减小;当冷却速度为100 K·min-1时,凝固末期析出Al2O3夹杂物的半径为2.5 μm,析出复合Al2O3-SiO2夹杂物的半径为4.7 μm;随着凝固的进行,夹杂物中SiO2含量增加,Al2O3含量下降.     

LZ50钢液中微量稀土脱氧及夹杂物生成机理研究

用真空感应炉在MgO坩埚中熔化2.5 kg的LZ50车轴钢,添加稀土(RE)元素后进行二次精炼,制备了微RE合金化后的试样。结合钢化学成分分析、SEM和EDS检测结果,计算并讨论了微量RE元素对LZ50钢中O、S等元素的影响。结果表明,微量RE(质量分数0.0026%)能降低低氧、低硫在LZ50钢中的O含量,对S含量却无明显影响;RE的脱氧产物为CeAlO3,且能把钢中带棱角的Al2O3-SiO2夹杂物变为圆球状SiO2-Al2O3-RE2O3复合夹杂物。     

409L不锈钢中镁铝尖晶石夹杂物的生成研究

基于409L不锈钢VOD生产实际,分析了Al脱氧条件下MgO.Al2O3复合夹杂物的组成形态;同时采用热力学计算方法得出1873K时MgO,MgO.Al2O3和Al2O3的平衡相图,研究了MgO.Al2O3夹杂物生成与转变的热力学条件.结果表明,钢水中的尖晶石复合夹杂物中的MgO.Al2O3相呈非晶态结构,夹杂物尺寸在5μm左右.生产过程中,当钢水中Al的质量分数控制在0.04%,w(Mg)≥1.3×10-8时,钢水中即可生成MgO.Al2O3夹杂物;w(Mg)≥9.7×10-7时,MgO.Al2O3开始转变成为MgO夹杂.     

50Cr5MoV钢中非金属夹杂物行为

对采用"EBT→LF→VD"工艺路线生产50Cr5Mo V锻钢轧辊炼钢过程全氧和夹杂物进行了分析.结果表明:LF精炼后钢液中ω(T[O])平均为47×10-6,VD出站为14×10-6,中间包为15.5×10-6,铸坯为18×10-6.LF精炼初期,钢中夹杂物主要是不规则的Al2O3夹杂,96.75%的夹杂物尺寸小于10μm.LF精炼后,大量夹杂物为Ca O-Al2O3-Si O为主要成分的0~10μm复合氧化物夹杂.钢水向中间包转移过程中保护性浇注不理想,二次氧化严重导致钢水夹杂逐渐增多,主要为球形m Ca O·n Al2O3的复合夹杂物.铸坯中99.81%的夹杂物尺寸小于10μm,其中大部分为球形钙铝酸盐夹杂,还有少量球状硅铝酸钙复合夹杂.全过程的工艺优化是控制夹杂物(主要是氧化物)的合理途径,可确保实现50Cr5Mo V合金铸钢的冶炼.     

IF钢凝固过程中Al_2O_3-TiN复合夹杂物的形成机理

以理论分析和实验研究相结合的方式分析了IF钢凝固过程中Al2O3-TiN复合夹杂物的形成机理.结果表明,以凝固分率0.9为界限,钢水凝固过程中Al2O3和TiN先后通过异质形核方式析出并结合形成Al2O3-TiN复合夹杂物;冷却速率越小,复合夹杂物粒径越大;在冷却速率一定时,可作为异质形核核心的夹杂物的粒径越大,凝固过程中析出的复合夹杂物的长大程度越小;复合夹杂物内层Al2O3粒径越小,外层TiN长大程度越明显.     

低合金高强钢中非金属夹杂物的改性

借助热力学软件Thermo-Calc和ASPEX自动扫描电镜等分析手段,研究了低合金高强钢精炼过程渣--钢反应和钙处理对夹杂物改性行为的影响.通过提高炉渣碱度和w(CaO)/w(Al2O3)值以及降低炉渣氧化性等措施,钙处理前钢中Al2O3夹杂物转变为靠近1600℃液相区的CaO--MgO--Al2O3复合夹杂物和少量的MgO.Al2O3尖晶石.在渣--钢反应对Al2O3部分变性的基础上,钙线喂入量每炉由优化前的800 m减少到300 m仍能达到夹杂物改性的目的.     

H13模铸钢锭中夹杂物的分布解剖

对5.0 t H13铸锭进行了解剖,采用扫描电镜和能谱分析对铸锭中夹杂物进行了形貌和组成分析,通过T[O]分析和金相显微镜统计分析对铸锭中夹杂物的分布进行了研究.结果表明铸锭中氧含量较高,平均值达到27.8×10-6,必须进一步精炼;铸锭中夹杂物主要为近球形的CaO--Al2O3--SiO2夹杂,块状TiN--VN夹杂,沿晶界分布的条状VC--CrC--MoC夹杂物和少量的CaS--MnS夹杂;尺寸较大的VC--CrC--MoC夹杂物对H13钢的韧性影响较大,必须在后续热处理及精炼中加以控制;T[O]和夹杂物在铸锭中分布不均匀,在铸锭头部中心附近,夹杂物及总氧呈负偏聚;而在铸锭中部及锭尾中心附近,夹杂物及总氧呈正偏聚;同时,铸锭中下部大尺寸夹杂物数量比较高.为了表征夹杂物的偏聚程度,本文提出了夹杂物偏聚指数的新概念.在5 t H13铸锭头部中心夹杂物偏聚指数达到0.75～0.85,而在中下部夹杂物偏聚指数达到1.2～1.3.     

钛合金化过程对钢液洁净度的影响

重点考察了Ti合金化过程中影响Ti收得率的主要因素,并对比分析了Ti合金化前后夹杂物的物相变化及夹杂物的去除效果.控制氧活度a[O]<350×10-6,Al、Ti合金加入时间间隔大于3 min,可以保证Ti收得率>85%;当a[O]>350×10-6时,需控制Al、Ti合金加入时间间隔为5 min以上.相同a[O]和[Al]s情况下,延长Al、Ti加入时间间隔可以有效提高Ti收得率.RH处理过程中,钢包内当量直径>200μm的Al2O3夹杂物在5 min内基本可以上浮去除,但相同尺寸的A-Ti-O复合夹杂的去除时间要比Al2O3长1～2 min.Ti合金加入后,Al2O3夹杂物周围会形成Al-Ti-O的复合夹杂,这些夹杂物的形成降低Ti的收得率.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that