Real-time detection of electron tunnelling in a quantum dot

Nanostructures in which strong (Coulomb) interactions exist between electrons are predicted to exhibit temporal electronic correlations. Although there is ample experimental evidence that such correlations exist, electron dynamics in engineered nanostructures have been observed directly only on long timescales. The faster dynamics associated with electrical currents or charge fluctuations are usually inferred from direct (or quasi-direct) current measurements. Recently, interest in electron dynamics has risen, in part owing to the realization that additional information about electronic interactions can be found in the shot noise or higher statistical moments of a direct current. Furthermore, interest in quantum computation has stimulated investigation of quantum bit (qubit) readout techniques, which for many condensed-matter systems ultimately reduces to single-shot measurements of individual electronic charges. Here we report real-time observation of individual electron tunnelling events in a quantum dot using an integrated radio-frequency single-electron transistor. We use electron counting to measure directly the quantum dot's tunnelling rate and the occupational probabilities of its charge state. Our results provide evidence in favour of long (10 micros or more) inelastic scattering times in nearly isolated dots.     

Huffman码在码元时间单位不同时的最优性研究

比较Morse码和Huffman码的编码效率,按照Morse码设计码元,用Huffman编码方法来编码.但由于Morse码的基本码元(点和划)所占的时间单位不同,所以若用0、1代表点和划,用Huffman来编码,则Huffman的基本码元0、1的时间单位也不同,这不是常规的Huffman编码.对于这种情况下的Huffman码的最优性问题,进行了一些探讨.     

Quantum tunnelling of the magnetization in a monolayer of oriented single-molecule magnets

A fundamental step towards atomic- or molecular-scale spintronic devices has recently been made by demonstrating that the spin of an individual atom deposited on a surface, or of a small paramagnetic molecule embedded in a nanojunction, can be externally controlled. An appealing next step is the extension of such a capability to the field of information storage, by taking advantage of the magnetic bistability and rich quantum behaviour of single-molecule magnets (SMMs). Recently, a proof of concept that the magnetic memory effect is retained when SMMs are chemically anchored to a metallic surface was provided. However, control of the nanoscale organization of these complex systems is required for SMMs to be integrated into molecular spintronic devices. Here we show that a preferential orientation of Fe(4) complexes on a gold surface can be achieved by chemical tailoring. As a result, the most striking quantum feature of SMMs-their stepped hysteresis loop, which results from resonant quantum tunnelling of the magnetization-can be clearly detected using synchrotron-based spectroscopic techniques. With the aid of multiple theoretical approaches, we relate the angular dependence of the quantum tunnelling resonances to the adsorption geometry, and demonstrate that molecules predominantly lie with their easy axes close to the surface normal. Our findings prove that the quantum spin dynamics can be observed in SMMs chemically grafted to surfaces, and offer a tool to reveal the organization of matter at the nanoscale.     

后危机时代我国金融监管法律制度的思考

引发全球金融海啸的美国金融危机根本原因在于其过度的金融创新和失衡的政府监管,反观我国现行的金融监管体制还存在着金融创新和落后的金融立法之间的矛盾以及应对金融海啸的政府行为中存在的一些问题与隐患,因此当下应及时弥补和修正金融监管流程,完善金融产品市场准入法律制度和金融市场信息披露法律制度:健全金融市场退出法律制度和整合金融监管资源.     

Single-shot read-out of an individual electron spin in a quantum dot

Spin is a fundamental property of all elementary particles. Classically it can be viewed as a tiny magnetic moment, but a measurement of an electron spin along the direction of an external magnetic field can have only two outcomes: parallel or anti-parallel to the field. This discreteness reflects the quantum mechanical nature of spin. Ensembles of many spins have found diverse applications ranging from magnetic resonance imaging to magneto-electronic devices, while individual spins are considered as carriers for quantum information. Read-out of single spin states has been achieved using optical techniques, and is within reach of magnetic resonance force microscopy. However, electrical read-out of single spins has so far remained elusive. Here we demonstrate electrical single-shot measurement of the state of an individual electron spin in a semiconductor quantum dot. We use spin-to-charge conversion of a single electron confined in the dot, and detect the single-electron charge using a quantum point contact; the spin measurement visibility is approximately 65%. Furthermore, we observe very long single-spin energy relaxation times (up to approximately 0.85 ms at a magnetic field of 8 T), which are encouraging for the use of electron spins as carriers of quantum information.     

相对论情况下N-U方法求解电磁场中运动粒子的Dirac方程的束缚态

在相对论情况下,通过N-U方法求解电磁场中运动粒子的Dirac方程的束缚态解,并给出相应的束缚态能谱和相对论性的波函数.所得的结果与其他方法一致.     

自作用电子在外场中的非定态状态

论述了在非相对论近似下自组织带电物质的量子理论．得到了关于自作用电子在外场中的Ehrenfest定理和量子力学Newton运动方程,利用它们研究了自作用电子的非定态状态．结果表明：在任意外场中自作用电子的质心作如此的运动,就象没有Coulomb自作用力一样．自作用电子在均匀外场中的波函数不随时间扩散而保待自己的大小和几何形状．     

均匀磁场中辐射电子的阻尼运动

介绍了均匀磁场中计算辐射阻尼影响时相对论电子协变运动方程的一种解析求解方法.在场强约束条件γB 9×1011T下导出了电子运动的初级近似解和相应的同步辐射能量损失率的表达式.最后,简单讨论了所得结果的适用性和量子效应对运动解精度的可能影响.     

Design of a compact C-band high brightness photoinjector for an ultra-fast electron diffraction

A compact C-band high brightness photoinjector for ultra-fast electron diffraction （UED） is under development at Tsinghua Uni- versity. The C-band photoinjector, operating at 5.172 GHz, uses a 1.45-cell C-band RF gun as the electron source. The design of the RF gun has addressed the physics, beam dynamics and mechanical aspects, and based on these design studies, a prototype has been fabricated. In order to obtain optimized performance for the UED, beam dynamics simulation has been carried out using the particle tracking code Astra for the photoinjector consisting of an alternative multi-cell RF gun design and a C-band compressor downstream. The beam dynamics parameters that are optimized include the bunch length, peak current, horizontal emittance, and position of the minimum bunch length.     

Exploration of the potential acting on an electron within diatomic molecules

The potential acting on an electron within a molecule (PAEM) is formulated, and then calculated using the ab initio MELD program plus a separate calculation program in the RHF molecular orbital theory, finally the three-dimensional graphs of the potentials have been drawn. We have systematically investigated this kind of the potentials for a series of the diatomic molecules, such as HF, HCl, HBr, LiF, LiCl, and so on. The three-dimensional graph can clearly display the variation of the potential felt by an electron within a molecule and get a deeper understanding of the electronic motion and chemical bonding within a molecule.     

Coherent coupling of a superconducting flux qubit to an electron spin ensemble in diamond

During the past decade, research into superconducting quantum bits (qubits) based on Josephson junctions has made rapid progress. Many foundational experiments have been performed, and superconducting qubits are now considered one of the most promising systems for quantum information processing. However, the experimentally reported coherence times are likely to be insufficient for future large-scale quantum computation. A natural solution to this problem is a dedicated engineered quantum memory based on atomic and molecular systems. The question of whether coherent quantum coupling is possible between such natural systems and a single macroscopic artificial atom has attracted considerable attention since the first demonstration of macroscopic quantum coherence in Josephson junction circuits. Here we report evidence of coherent strong coupling between a single macroscopic superconducting artificial atom (a flux qubit) and an ensemble of electron spins in the form of nitrogen-vacancy colour centres in diamond. Furthermore, we have observed coherent exchange of a single quantum of energy between a flux qubit and a macroscopic ensemble consisting of about 3?×?10(7) such colour centres. This provides a foundation for future quantum memories and hybrid devices coupling microwave and optical systems.     

非理想注入电子在平面型波荡器中的运动与辐射

对于平面型波荡器取一维近似,忽略光场对于电子运动的影响,给出了非理想注入相对论性电子在平面型波荡器中的运动方程,进而基于电磁辐射的一般理论基于Lénard-Wicherd势,导出了相应的电磁辐射的角度、频谱分布的表达式.     

不确定线性奇异系统的有限时间控制

针对具有时变外部扰动的不确定线性奇异系统,研究基于状态反馈的有限时间控制问题,系统的状态矩阵和输入矩阵均含有范数有界不确定项。利用Lyapunov泛函方法和线性矩阵不等式(LMI)工具,给出了不确定奇异系统经由状态反馈的有限时间有界(FTB)的充分条件。这些充分条件都可转化为线性矩阵不等式可行性问题。并通过一个数值实例说明了该方法的有效性。     

污水资源化——解决城市缺水问题的有力措施

针对城市日益增长的用水量同水资源短缺形成的尖锐矛盾，指出了“污水资源化”的重要意义，并介绍了具体的措施。     

Observation of a quarter of an electron charge at the nu = 5/2 quantum Hall state

The fractional quantum Hall effect, where plateaus in the Hall resistance at values of h/nue2 coexist with zeros in the longitudinal resistance, results from electron correlations in two dimensions under a strong magnetic field. (Here h is Planck's constant, nu the filling factor and e the electron charge.) Current flows along the sample edges and is carried by charged excitations (quasiparticles) whose charge is a fraction of the electron charge. Although earlier research concentrated on odd denominator fractional values of nu, the observation of the even denominator nu = 5/2 state sparked much interest. This state is conjectured to be characterized by quasiparticles of charge e/4, whose statistics are 'non-abelian'-in other words, interchanging two quasiparticles may modify the state of the system into a different one, rather than just adding a phase as is the case for fermions or bosons. As such, these quasiparticles may be useful for the construction of a topological quantum computer. Here we report data on shot noise generated by partitioning edge currents in the nu = 5/2 state, consistent with the charge of the quasiparticle being e/4, and inconsistent with other possible values, such as e/2 and e. Although this finding does not prove the non-abelian nature of the nu = 5/2 state, it is the first step towards a full understanding of these new fractional charges.     

利用超高斯光模拟方势垒

方势垒是一个研究量子力学中隧穿问题的理想模型.提出了利用具有大蓝失谐的超高斯光和原子相互作用的偶极势能和超高斯光和电子的有质动力势能模拟方势垒.通过比较超高斯势垒对入射平面波散射的数值解和方势垒对物质波散射的解析解,发现当超高斯光场阶数大于20时能够有效地模拟方势垒对物质波的散射问题.进一步研究了物质波入射到双超高斯势...     

关于提高高校扫描电子显微镜使用效率的探索

扫描电子显微镜(SEM)在现代科学技术发展中扮演着重要的角色.多年的SEM管理实践表明,高校仪器管理者要从日常维护、样品制备技术、人员培训、预约和监督机制等方面着手,才能使SEM运行寿命更长、功能更强、效率更高.