鲫鱼鱼体的化学组成和能量密度 (动物科学)

2012年6月于重庆市北碚区歇马养殖场采集鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)31尾,体质量(W)范围3.0～284.8g,体长(L)范围5.5～22.6cm,分为4个体长组,测定了鱼体化学组成,估算了能量密度。结果表明,鲫鱼含水量(WAT)、蛋白质含量(PRO)、脂肪含量(FAT)和灰分含量(ASH)占鱼体鲜重的百分比范围分别为68.58%～78.99%、7.81%～18.87%、0.55%～9.11%和3.25%～6.59%,能量密度(E)范围为2.06～7.68kJ·g-1。体质量与脂肪含量和能量密度的关系可分别描述为方程:FAT=0.025 6 W+1.59(R2=0.561,n=31,p<0.01)和E=0.010 2 W+3.94(R2=0.395,n=31,p<0.01);含水量与脂肪含量和能量密度的关系可分别描述为方程:FAT=-0.855 WAT+67.5(R2=0.753,n=31,p<0.01)和E=-0.380 WAT+33.1(R2=0.662,n=31,p<0.01)。研究提示可以用体质量和含水量估测鲫鱼的脂肪含量和能量密度;随着个体体质量的增加,水分和脂肪之间存在近等比例的替代。     

铜鱼鱼体的化学组成及能量密度

于2007年9月在长江木洞江段采集铜鱼31尾,体长(L)范围为9.2～32.0 cm,体质量(W)范围为11.3～504.0 g,分为4个体长组,分别测定了鱼体化学组成,估算了能量密度.结果表明,铜鱼灰分含量(ASH)、蛋白质含量(PRO)、脂肪含量(FAT)和含水量(WAT)以其占体质量的百分比表示,范围分别为2.35%～5.20%、13.79%～19.69%、1.24%～19.32%和61.63%～80.69%;能量密度(E)范围为4.02～11.39 kJ·g1.体质量与脂肪含量和能量密度的关系可描述为方程FAT=2.504+0.03W(R2=0.674,P<0.01)和E=4.877+0.012W(R2=0.644,P<0.01);含水量与脂肪含量和能量密度的关系可描述为方程FAT=80.03-1.01WAT(R2=0.926,P<0.01)和E=37.60-0.43WAT(R2=0.963,P<0.1).研究提示可以用铜鱼的体质量和含水量估测其脂肪含量和能量密度,个体较大的铜鱼大量贮存脂肪可能与其繁殖活动有关.     

不同大小黑尾鲹鱼体的化学组成及能量密度

为探讨三峡库区黑尾鲹(Hemiculter lcucisculus)鱼体化学组成随生长过程的变化规律,2007年10月于长江木洞江段采集黑尾鲹42 尾,体长范围85～125 mm,体重(W)范围5.63～12.89 g,分为4个体长组,分别测定了鱼体化学组成,估算了其能量密度.结果表明,黑尾鲹含水量(WAT)、蛋白质含量(PRO)、脂肪含量(FAT)、灰分含量以其占鲜重的百分比表示,范围分别为70.24%～76.77%、14.6%～18.85%、1.92%～8.75%和3.60%～4.30%,能量密度(E)范围为4.55～7.45 kJ/g;脂肪含量和能量密度随体重增加均呈增加的趋势,含水量呈下降趋势,而灰分含量变化不明显;体重与脂肪含量、能量密度呈显著的正线性关系,得到方程FAT= 0.45W-1.34 (r2= 0.58,n=21,p<0.05)和E= 0.21W+2.97 (r2= 0.67,n=21,p<0.05);含水量与脂肪含量、能量密度呈显著的负线性关系,得到方程FAT= 73.00-0.92WAT (r2=0.92,n=21,p< 0.05)和E= 35.92-0.41WAT (r2=0.95,n=21,p<0.05).结果提示可以用黑尾鲹的含水量及体重估计其含脂量和能量密度,该种鱼较低的脂肪含量及脂肪累积速率与其适应静水生活的习性有关.     

圆筒吻鮈的年龄生长及鱼体的化学组成和能量密度

2010年10月于长江木洞江段采集圆筒吻鮈Rhinogobio cylindricus 107尾,其中1～4龄雌鱼67尾,1～3龄雄鱼40尾,分别测定鱼体脊椎骨轮径、化学组成及能量密度.随着年龄的增加,圆筒吻鮈雌鱼、雄鱼鱼体体长和体质量的特定生长率(SGR)均呈下降趋势,而其肥满度变化趋势不明显.同龄组圆筒吻鮈雌、雄鱼之间各化学组成没有显著差异.其总样本的含水量(WAT)、脂肪质量分数(FAT)、蛋白质质量分数(PRO)、灰分质量分数(ASH)和能量密度(E)的平均值范围分别为68.07%～70.27%,10.43%～11.87%,11.58%～15.65%,3.19%～3.36%和7.61～8.36kJ/g;鱼体含水量随年龄增加呈下降趋势,1龄组鱼蛋白质质量分数显著低于其他3组,4龄组鱼能量密度显著高于其他3组,而脂肪质量分数和灰分质量分数在各年龄组之间差异不显著.蛋白质质量分数与体长和体质量的关系式为PRO=0.331L+8.344(r=0.66,n=107,p<0.05)和PRO=0.026 2 M+12.119(r=0.58,n=107,p<0.05);脂肪质量分数和能量密度与含水量存在显著负线性关系,得到方程FAT=-0.910 WAT+74.31(r=0.82,n=107,p<0.05)和E=-0.378WAT+34.10(r=0.97,n=107,p<0.05).通过讨论认为该种鱼较高的脂肪质量分数与其活动范围小、身体消耗量小及全年不停食的生活习性相关.     

饥饿对尼罗罗非鱼幼鱼粗化学成分的影响 (动物科学)

为讨论尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)幼鱼的鱼体化学成分和能量密度随饥饿时间延长的变化规律,2010年1月采集初始体质量为(3.61±0.13)g的尼罗罗非鱼幼鱼40尾,以饥饿处理0 d为对照,将饥饿处理8、15、22和45 d分为4个组,分别测定所有材料的鱼体化学成分,估算了能量密度。结果表明,随饥饿时间(t)天数的延长,尼罗罗非鱼幼鱼的蛋白质含量(PRO)、脂肪含量(FAT)和能量密度(E)降低,可以分别描述为方程PRO=14.727e-0.006 5 t(r2=0.707,n=37,p<0.05)、FAT=2.295 5e-0.036 6 t(r2=0.552,n=37,p<0.05)和E=4.478 1e-0.011 3 t(r2=0.694,n=37,p<0.05);随饥饿时间(t)天数的延长,含水量(WAT)和灰分含量(ASH)升高,可以分别描述为方程WAT=76.1969 e0.001 3 t(r2=0.566,n=37,p<0.05)和ASH=4.467 8 e0.008 3 t(r2=0.729,n=37,p<0.01);PRO、FAT和E均分别与WAT呈显著的负线性关系,可以分别描述为方程PRO=61.969 9-0.625 1WAT(r2=0.740,n=37,p<0.05)、FAT=47.908 8-0.593 8 WAT(r2=0.899,n=37,p<0.05)和E=33.548 9-0.382 1 WAT(r2=0.955,n=37,p<0.05)。研究认为该种鱼在饥饿初期大量消耗脂肪,并随着饥饿时间的延长,净耗量逐渐减少,同时在整个饥饿过程消耗蛋白质。     

沱江富顺段鲤鱼、鲫鱼和大眼鳜的化学组成及能量密度

2013年10月于四川省自贡市长江支流沱江富顺段采集鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)、鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)、大眼鳜(Siniperca kneri)等3种鱼共60尾,分别测定鱼体化学组成,估算能量密度。结果表明:3种鱼的脂肪含量平均值分别为3.24%、4.13%和2.78%,蛋白质含量平均值分别为16.96%,16.28%,17.27%,水分含量平均值分别为75.42%,74.05%,74.06%,能量密度的平均值分别为5.28,5.47,5.18kJ·g-1;3种鱼水分含量(CWAT鲤,CWAT鲫,CWAT鳜)与各自的能量密度(E鲤,E鲫,E鳜)的回归方程分别为:E鲤=-0.368 9CWAT鲤+33.081,(r2=0.799 6,n=30,p0.01);E鲫=-0.308 4CWAT鲫+28.304,(r2=0.823 5,n=13,p0.01);E鳜=-0.385 5CWAT鳜+33.729,(r2=0.882 5,n=17,p0.01)。统计分析表明鲫鱼的体长与蛋白质含量、脂肪含量和能量密度呈显著的正线性关系(p0.05),而鲤鱼和大眼鳜的体长与它们均无线性关系。3种鱼的水分含量分别与蛋白质含量、脂肪含量和能量密度均呈显著的负线性关系(p0.01)。研究结果表明,采用3种鱼的水分含量估算各自蛋白质含量、脂肪含量和能量密度是可行的。     

沱江富顺段鲤鱼、鲫鱼和大眼鳜的化学组成及能量密度

2013年10月于四川省自贡市长江支流沱江富顺段采集鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)、鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)、大眼鳜(Siniperca kneri)等3种鱼共60尾,分别测定鱼体化学组成,估算其能量密度。结果表明：3种鱼的脂肪含量平均值分别为3.24%、4.13%和2.78%,蛋白质含量平均值分别为16.96%,16.28%,17.27%,水分含量平均值分别为75.42%,74.05%,74.06%,E的平均值分别为5.28,5.47,5.18 kJ·g-1;3种鱼水分含量(CWAT鲤,CWAT鲫,CWAT鳜)与各自的能量密度(E鲤,E鲫,E鳜)的回归方程分别为：E鲤=-0.368 9CWAT鲤+33.081,(r2=0.799 6,n=30,p<0.01);E鲫=-0.308 4CWAT鲫+28.304,(r2=0.823 5,n=13,p<0.01);E鳜=-0.385 5CWAT鳜+33.729,(r2=0.882 5,n=17,p<0.01)。统计分析表明鲫鱼的体长与蛋白质含量、脂肪含量和能量密度呈显著的正线性关系(p<0.05),而鲤鱼和大眼鳜的体长与它们均无线性关系。3种鱼的水分含量分别与蛋白质含量、脂肪含量和能量密度均呈显著的负线性关系(p<0.01)。研究结果表明,采用3种鱼的水分含量估算各自蛋白质含量、脂肪含量和能量密度是可行的。
     

养殖中国水蛇适温性研究

通过对中国水蛇生长率与死亡率的测定,研究了水温与中国水蛇生长和生存的关系。结果显示:整个过程,特定生长率(S)与水温(T)存在极显著的二次多项式函数关系S=0.0021T2-0.0748T+0.7984(R2=0.8475,P0.01);在高温与低温条件下,水温与死亡率(D)均存在显著的二次多项式函数关系,分别为T=-0.0349D2+0.8345D+28.895(R2=0.763,P0.01)和T=0.0069D2-0.4007D+13.621(R2=0.612,P0.05)。结果表明,中国水蛇适宜生长水温范围17.81～31℃,最适生长水温范围26～30℃,能耐水温上限31～33.88℃,能耐水温下限7.80～10℃。该研究为今后中国水蛇规模化养殖提供技术参考。     

南方鲇幼鱼鱼体的含能量及化学组成

测定了23尾在实验室条件下(25℃)喂养30d的南方鲇幼鱼(终体重86.0～307.9g)。结果表明,比能值Q、蛋白质含量ω(PRO)、脂肪含量ω(FAT)随日粮水平的升高而增加,水分含量ω(WAT)则随之下降,除灰分外各指标均与日粮水平呈显著的负线性相关。因此,以水分含量为自变量间接估计比能值及蛋白质、脂肪含量的方法简易可行,具有一定的可靠性。     

Cartan型阶化李代数的中心扩张和H~1(L,L)

A.S.Dzhumadil'daev决定了Cartan型阶化李代数的上同调群H~2(L,F)的结构,其中L=W(1,m)(p≥3),S(3,m)(p≥3),H(n,m)(p>3),K(n+1,m)(n≡-3 mod(p)和p≥3)和F是特征数p的代数闭域,R.Farnsteiner决定了H~2(L,F)的结构,其中L=W(n,m)(p>3),S(n,m)(p>3和n=3),H(n,m)(p>3)和K(n,m)(p>3)。利用H~2(L,F),他们也得到相应的中心扩张     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to