轮藻科(Characeae)三个属无丝分裂的研究

用Giemsa常规染色法和DAPI(4',6-diamidino-2'-phenylindole)荧光染色法对轮藻科(Characeae)3个属:乳突丽藻(Nitella papillata)、钝节拟丽藻(Nitellopsis obtusa)和弧枝轮藻(Chara connivens)进行了细胞核无丝分裂研究.结果发现无丝分裂是这几种藻体的主要分裂方式;同种藻不同部位,不同种藻之间,无丝分裂形态有所不同.     

台湾桤木无丝分裂与细胞多核现象研究

利用去壁低渗-火焰干燥法在台湾桤木根尖细胞中观察到除有丝分裂外,还存在无丝分裂和细胞多核现象.在进行无丝分裂的根尖细胞核中,不发生染色质凝集,不形成可见的染色体,整个过程中核膜保持完整.其无丝分裂产生形状、大小相似的子核,形成了不同类型的多核细胞.     

烟草薄层培养早期细胞核形态与核DNA含量变化的研究

通过应用ＤＮＡ专一性活体荧光染色剂Ｈｏｅｃｈｅｓｔ３３２５８对烟草茎表皮细胞薄层培养物的细胞核进行活体染色，发现在培养早期，细胞核发生了明显变化，由分化时的一般扁圆形和靠壁的位置逐渐变成圆形和居中的位置；核体积增大；染色质结构由致密变得疏松；而后染色质凝缩，发生无丝分裂；经数次分裂之后，细胞形态较一致，通过单细胞核内ＤＮＡ含量的测定，发现细胞分裂之前，核ＤＮＡ含量不增加；而最初几次分裂之后，含量减     

梧桐细胞的无丝分裂

1.梧桐表皮细胞和下皮细胞的分裂只见无丝分裂而没有有丝分裂。2.横断,出芽,陷凹、8字四种细胞核分裂的方式同时都有。3.新细胞壁的形成可分向心收缩及由两团新细胞质体相接触的中部所发生的两种类型。4.在无丝分裂进行的过程中消耗能力少而进行快,所以适合于梧桐表皮细胞和下皮细胞之分 生不绝以及次生表皮组织之分化。     

论无丝分裂

论述了无丝分裂的方式,发生无丝分裂的生物体组织,无丝分裂过程中遗传物质的变化,无丝分裂在细胞增殖中的作用及生物学意义.     

海洋无脊椎动物细胞的非有丝分裂的研究

(1)缢蛏及泥蚶的胚体,幼苗及一、二年成体的外套膜结缔细胞及上皮细胞的分裂繁殖完全是非有丝分裂形式.在这些组织中,始终未发现有丝分裂. (2)非有丝分裂不但是幼期的,没有定形的和没有完全发展的迅速生长的细胞的繁殖方式,而且也动物某些成年的、定形的和完全发展的细胞的繁殖形式.甚至在组织生长速度减慢时,也可以出现(三年泥坩的外套膜组织)有丝分裂并非唯一的,最普遍而不可代替细胞繁殖形式,它在细胞分裂过程中的作用并不是根本性的. (3)在同一组织中,非有丝分裂类型是多种多样的;直接分裂尖线形分开、变形虫式分裂,芽生繁殖等类型,皆可同时进行,在缢和泥坩的幼苗和一年生成体外套膜结缔细细和上皮细胞方面,以成群的尖线形分裂和直接分裂为最主要,尤其尖线形分裂为最特殊突出。非有丝分裂是与细胞和核的重新形成发生着密切联系.并且由核仁可以演发形成一个新核.非有丝分裂的各种方式,归根结底是核的分裂方式,是核的重新形成,是新核在旧核中的产生. (4)非有丝分裂显示出很大的优越性,是细胞的一种正常的,生理的、有规律可寻的繁殖方式.也有遗传继承的性能. (5)非有丝分裂的研究结果,再一次地证明莫尔根学派染色体连续理论和客观事实完全不符.     

离体培养中黄槐叶片细胞脱分化的细胞学观察

黄槐叶片外植体接种于 MS+2,4-D 1 ppm+NAA 1 ppm+6-BA 2 ppm 培养基上,外植体的维管薄壁细胞及维管束鞘细胞先脱分化启动,而后栅栏组织细胞脱分化,进而形成愈伤组织.细胞脱分化启动时有两个明显特点:一是细胞质变浓,核相对变大,核仁明显;二是细胞开始积累淀粉.细胞脱分化过程中细胞分裂方式以无丝分裂为主,有丝分裂较少.通过观察无丝分裂的主要过程,可以认为它是典型的劈裂式无丝分裂.文中还对两种细胞分裂方式在愈伤组织形成中的意义进行了讨论.     

拟穴青蟹视神经节孕酮受体的免疫识别

研究表明,在甲壳类中可能存在类固醇的调控系统,然而核受体在进化的过程中是否依赖配体作用一直存在着争论.应用免疫印迹和免疫组织化学方法对拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)视神经节孕酮受体(PR)进行免疫识别.结果发现,拟穴青蟹视神经节中存在PR免疫阳性反应;其分子量约为70 ku,该物质广泛分布于视神经节的神经细胞核内.PR在拟穴青蟹视神经节的发现暗示着其类似于脊椎动物调节机制的存在;PR在神经细胞核中的定位表明其为核受体,很有可能在基因水平上参与拟穴青蟹视神经节的生理活动调节.     

论无丝分裂

论述了无丝分裂的方式，发生无丝分裂的生物体组织，无丝分裂过程中遗传物质的变化，无丝分裂在细胞增殖中的作用及生物学意义。     

真空对洋葱(Allium cepa L.)根尖间期细胞和分裂期细胞的影响初探(I)

初步研究了真空对洋葱(Allium Cepa L.)根尖细胞的影响.证明真空对离水的洋葱根尖间期细胞和分裂期细胞的结构及行为有显著作用.材料经过真空处理后,有的细胞核出芽-形成核上小核;有的细胞核分解,形成数个微核或云雾状;染色体出现各种畸变(如:缺失、断片、染色体环、??着丝点、无着丝点);染色体数目亦有变化;有丝分裂时不均等分裂、落后染色体和染色体桥很多.实验结果表明:真空对间期细胞和分裂期细胞的结构及行为的影响与真空处理时间成正相关.t检验表明:p??0.001,说明真空处理组与对照组有显著差异.     

同型孢子蕨类植物卵发生和受精作用的细胞学研究新进展

阐述了同型孢子蕨类植物有性生殖研究中卵发生和受精作用研究的一些新进展,包括颈卵器的形成、卵发育和受精作用3个方面．研究表明颈卵器来自于配子体生长点下方的原始细胞,其细胞质浓,核较大,位于细胞中央,原始细胞经2次分裂产生3层细胞,中间的为初生细胞,初生细胞经2次不等分裂形成1个卵细胞、1个腹沟细胞和1个双核颈沟细胞．卵成熟时,先后在卵细胞外产生分离腔和卵膜,进化的种类卵膜上形成了受精孔,首次证明腹沟细胞参与了受精孔的发生．受精作用研究表明精子是经受精孔钻入卵细胞的,受精时卵细胞剧烈地收缩和产生大的囊泡封阻受精孔可能是阻止多精受精的主要原因,接下来,受精卵经历核融合、雄细胞器的消化,合子细胞器的重排,质膜和细胞壁重建等过程,最终形成功能性合子．     

分叉隧道施工对主隧道扰动的数值模拟

以大连地铁促进路站至春光街站区间45°交叉隧道建设工程为背景,采用有限差分软件FLAC3D模拟0°~90°7种不同横通隧道开挖对主隧道的扰动情况;并对主隧道锐角侧与钝角侧地表沉降进行对比分析,得出不同交叉角度时隧道的变形规律。结果表明:随着横通隧道开挖角度的减少,主隧道锐角侧的变形量逐渐变大,钝角侧的变形量逐渐减少;主隧道锐角侧曲线的波动性较大,钝角侧曲线则相对平缓;主隧道拱顶沉降最大值并非出现在交叉区中点,而是出现在主隧道开挖方向向前一定距离,并偏向横通隧道一侧。     

Topography of acoustic response characteristics in the midbrain inferior colliculus of Kunming mouse

Topography of acoustic response characteristics of the midbrain inferior colliculus(IC)of the Kunming mouse was studied by using extracellular recording techniques.The characteristic frequency(CF)range represented in the different divisions of the IC differed markedly:4-15 kHz in the dorsal cortex(DC),10-70 kHz in the central nucleus(CN),and 4-35kHz in the external cortex(EC).The CF in the CN increased from dorsal and lateral to ventral and medial,higher CFs represented at its ventromedial part and lower CFs at its dorsal part.The isofrequency contours of CFs were incurvate.Minimum thresholds(MT)of the auditory neurons in DC and the central part of CN were lower(about 10dB SPL),but considerably higher in the dorsal and ventral region of EC.Results suggest that each of the divisions in the mouse IC may have different auditory functions.     

Differential modulation of three separate K-conductances in hippocampal CA1 neurons by serotonin

The hippocampus receives a dense serotonin-containing innervation from the divisions of the raphe nucleus. Serotonin applied to hippocampal neurons to mimic the action of endogenous transmitter often produces complex and variable responses (see for example ref. 3). Using voltage-clamp methods and new ligands that are selective for subtypes of serotonin receptors, we have been able to clarify the mechanism of serotonin action on CA1 cells in rat hippocampal slices. We describe three distinct actions of serotonin (or 5-HT) on identified K-conductances in these cells. First, it activates a Ca-independent K-current which is responsible for neuronal hyperpolarization and is inhibitory. Second, it simultaneously suppresses the slow Ca-dependent K-conductance that is largely responsible for the accommodation of cell firing in CA1 neurons: this produces a paradoxical increase in neuronal discharge in response to a depolarizing input. Third, serotonin produces a more slowly developing and long-lasting suppression of an intrinsic voltage-dependent K-conductance, Im (ref. 9), leading to neuronal depolarization and excitation. The hyperpolarizing response is mediated by class 1A serotonin receptors, whereas the other responses are not. Modulation of these different conductances by endogenously released serotonin could therefore change the probability or the duration (or both) of neuronal firing in the mammalian brain in different ways to give inhibitory, excitatory or mixed effects.     

河南省轮藻植物(CHAROPHYTES)初报

自1980～1985年,我们在河南13个县市采集了50余号轮藻标本,经过鉴定,得到本科植物四属,八种和变一种,均为河南省轮藻植物首次记录。     

狭叶锦鸡儿(Caragana stenophylla Pojark)的胚胎发育

本文对狭叶锦鸡儿的胚胎发育过程进行了研究,主要结论如下:胚囊发育属蓼型.在卵与次生核周围的原生质中聚集多糖.卵细胞、助细胞具明显极性,幼期的卵细胞、助细胞和中央细胞具完整的细胞壁.受精时,次生核与卵器相贴近,卵与助细胞在合点端的细胞璧消失.受精后,合子在合点端重新产生不连续的细胞壁,胚胎发育属柳叶菜型.基细胞纵横分裂产生多细胞胚柄.球胚早期,胚柄呈泡沫状团块结构,珠孔端胚囊璧以及胚柄基部,与胚囊璧毗邻处都具明显的传递型细胞壁,胚柄细胞中积累网球状颗较,从球孔端至合点端其分布密度具一定梯度,珠孔端珠被细胞中富含多糖类物质,同时,与胚囊相邻的珠被细胞质膜与壁之间具壁旁体,显示珠被组织对早期胚胎发育的营养关系,胚乳细胞化完成后,胚柄即行退化.     

Origin of the eukaryotic nucleus determined by rate-invariant analysis of rRNA sequences

The origin of the eukaryotic nucleus is difficult to reconstruct. Eukaryotic organelles (chloroplast, mitochondrion) are eubacterial endosymbionts, but the source of nuclear genes has been obscured by multiple nucleotide substitutions. Using evolutionary parsimony, a newly developed rate-invariant treeing algorithm, the eukaryotic ribosomal rRNA genes are shown to have evolved from the eocytes, a group of extremely thermophilic, sulphur-metabolizing, anucleate cells. The deepest bifurcation yet found separates the reconstructed tree into two taxonomic divisions. These are a proto-eukaryotic group (karyotes) and an essentially bacterial one (parkaryotes). Within the precision of the rooting procedure, the tree is not consistent with either the prokaryotic-eukaryotic or the archaebacterial-eubacterial-eukaryotic groupings. It implies that the last common ancestor of extant life, and the early ancestors of eukaryotes, probably lacked nuclei, metabolized sulphur and lived at near-boiling temperatures.     

山茶属Camellia植物花粉形态的光学显微镜观察

在光学显微镜下观察了山茶属16组36种植物的花粉形态.结果表明,山茶属的花粉形状分规则形与不规则形两种,其中规则形花粉极面观呈三裂圆形、三裂正三角形、三裂钝三角形,赤道面观为圆形、卵圆形、椭圆形或钝三角形.     

The development of embryo and endosperm inRanalisma rostratum

The embryo and endosperm development inRanalisma rostratum was studied in this paper. The zygote divides by a transverse wall to form basal and apical cells. The larger basal cell undergoes no further division and becomes the basal suspensor cell. The embryo development conforms to the Caryophyllad type. In the mature seed, the embryo is U-shaped and forms the embryonic shoot apex accompanied by one intraseminal leaf. The endosperm development belongs to the Hebolial type. The primary endosperm nucleus (invariably lying in the chalazal part of the embryo sac) divides and forms a large micropylar chamber and a small chalazal chamber. The chalazal endosperm chamber remains uninucleate, and free nuclear divisions occur in the micropylar chamber. Cellularization of the endosperm begins simultaneously from the micropylar and the chalazal ends. The cellularization is related to phragmoplast and cell plate, and does not arise from the free growth wall. Accompanying the embryo development, the endosperm degrades and does not exist in the mature seed. In the proembryo developing stages, the basal suspensor cell and chalazal endosperm cell grow to a considerable size. The nucleus and cytoplasm stain densely. Sometimes, binucleate or trinucleate was observed in both of the two cells. In the laterally concave embryo stage, they begin to degenerate which coincides with the cellularization of the endosperm. They are presumed to participate in the nourishment of the embryo proper in the early stages of embryo development. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Wang Jianbo: born in May. 1964, Ph. D.     

Polarity controls forces governing asymmetric spindle positioning in the Caenorhabditis elegans embryo

Cell divisions that create daughter cells of different sizes are crucial for the generation of cell diversity during animal development. In such asymmetric divisions, the mitotic spindle must be asymmetrically positioned at the end of anaphase. The mechanisms by which cell polarity translates to asymmetric spindle positioning remain unclear. Here we examine the nature of the forces governing asymmetric spindle positioning in the single-cell-stage Caenorhabditis elegans embryo. To reveal the forces that act on each spindle pole, we removed the central spindle in living embryos either physically with an ultraviolet laser microbeam, or genetically by RNA-mediated interference of a kinesin. We show that pulling forces external to the spindle act on the two spindle poles. A stronger net force acts on the posterior pole, thereby explaining the overall posterior displacement seen in wild-type embryos. We also show that the net force acting on each spindle pole is under control of the par genes that are required for cell polarity along the anterior-posterior embryonic axis. Finally, we discuss simple mathematical models that describe the main features of spindle pole behaviour. Our work suggests a mechanism for generating asymmetry in spindle positioning by varying the net pulling force that acts on each spindle pole, thus allowing for the generation of daughter cells with different sizes.