韧脆转变临界事件的探讨

通过对裂纹COD试样和缺口试样在韧脆转变温度下断裂韧性的测试,宏微观断口和力学参数的测量,结合断口、金相观察分析,对裂纹试样和缺口试样解理断裂临界事件和韧-脆转变机理进行了研究。结果表明:在缺口试件中,临界事件是铁素体尺寸的微裂纹扩展进入周围的基体中。在裂纹试样中,临界事件发生转变同缺口试样具有相同的临界事件,造成了纤维裂纹扩展到最终解理断裂。     

氢对步冷前后2（1／4）Cr—1Mo压力容器钢韧脆转变行为的影响

研究了2(1/4)Cr-1Mo压力容器钢步冷前后氢对韧脆转变的影响及冲击载荷下氢脆与回火脆的关系.结果发现:氢使回火脆化前后韧脆转变温度升高,氢的作用大小与回火脆倾向有关,最后提出韧脆转变模型,对两脆化的作用进行了分析.     

C-Mn钢和焊缝金属韧-脆转变宏观断裂行为

在韧-脆转变温度区对C-Mn钢和焊缝金属的COD,4PB,Charpy V和3NB试样进行了断裂试验。测量了试样断裂载荷、吸收功、加载点位移和断口上纤维裂纹长度,得到了纤维裂纹扩展速度及其前端标称应力随其长度的变化。结果表明随纤维裂纹的扩展,其单位长度吸收的能量降低,扩展速度加快,其前端的标称应力σ_(nom)增加,进一步的分析表明随纤维裂纹的扩展其前端三向应力度和正应力的增加导致韧-脆转变的发生。基于各试样尺寸和加载方式的不同,对其韧-脆转变断裂行为的差别进行了分析。对各种材料的断裂行为以及影响其韧-脆转变的宏观因素也进行了讨论。     

C-Mn钢和焊缝金属韧-脆转变微观断裂行为

对C-Mn钢和焊缝金属的COD,4PB,Charpy V和3NB试样在韧-脆转变温度区产生不同纤维裂纹长度后的断裂进行了卸载试验。通过对卸载试样纤维裂纹尖端及其两侧的微孔形态变化的观察和测量,断裂试样断口韧窝形貌以及起裂源粒子及其位置的观察和测量,对上述试样韧-脆转变区的微观断裂机理进行了分析研究。发现无论是裂纹试样还是缺口试样产生纤维裂纹后发生解理断裂的临界事件都是铁素体裂纹的扩展。韧-脆转变的主要影响因素为纤维裂纹扩展其前端三向应力度和最大正应力上升并超过临界值。韧性值的波动是由于在纤维裂纹扩展过程中,其尖端宽度的随机变化和材料中薄弱环节的随机分布引起的。     

高性能管线钢落锤撕裂试样断裂性能的试验研究

对不同缺口形式的X70管线钢试样进行了准静态三点弯曲断裂和示波落锤撕裂试验，详细研究了加载速度和缺口形式对管线钢断裂的影响，分析了高性能管线钢落锤撕裂试验中出现异常断口的原因．研究表明：异常断口常出现在韧脆转变温度附近，温度较低和较高均不易产生异常断口；管线钢动态断裂扩展是由许多裂纹扩展、止裂、重新起裂过程组成的，裂纹在整个韧带上的扩展速度变化幅度很大；裂纹扩展速度改变引起的裂尖应力状态变化、断裂的扩展方向和韧脆状态改变也可产生异常断口，仅通过改变试样缺口形式来减小试样起裂载荷和起裂功，并不能完全避免异常断口的产生．     

材料韧脆转移模式和机理的理论推导及实验验证

对各种材料韧脆转移模式和机理进行理论推导、实验验证和分析比较，得到了在不同情况下，估算材料韧脆转移温度的若干工程表达式，对进一步揭示材料韧脆转移的本质、模式、机制及其影响因素有重要的参考价值。     

氢致脆化区开裂模型应用于计算门楹值应力强度因子

依据氢进入裂纹尖端区促进局部塑性流动的认识，本建议并发展了一个氢致脆化区开裂模型。首次推导出了确定氢致裂纹扩展门楹值应力强度因子以及环境氢压与门楹值应力强度因子关系的理论公式，定性和定量的分析相符于ＡＩＳＩ４３４０超高强钢的实验结果。     

高强钢氢致裂纹及氢致脆化的研究

本工作采用了三点弯曲研究低合金高强钢氢致裂纹及氢致脆化的敏感性,用脆化度J_(ICOD)=(δCR-δCRH)/δCR作为氢致脆化的判据。高强钢三点弯曲试样断口的形态受应力强度因子K和氢量H的影响,随着K值增加和氢量减小,断口形态向IG→QC_(HE)→DR过渡。根据本研究工作的试验条件用声发射(AE)捕捉启裂点和监视裂纹的扩展是可行的。     

高电压复合绝缘子的脆断行为

脆断是高电压复合绝缘子发生的应力腐蚀断裂现象,国内外的研究基本集中在"腐蚀"介质酸的来源上。为进一步探索脆断机理,从"应力"的角度,采用扫描电子显微镜和表面形貌测量仪研究了复合绝缘子芯棒因表面砂纸打磨痕迹等微裂纹引起的脆断,发现芯棒表面30～40μm的微裂纹在应力腐蚀环境下沿其方向向前发展。芯棒表面微裂纹尖端的应力强度因子增大,最终将导致裂纹尖端局部的损伤、萌生、演化扩展直至芯棒脆断,从而可以说明绝大多数绝缘子工作正常但极少数绝缘子发生脆断的现象。     

结构钢在低温下冲击断裂时的裂纹萌生与扩展

通过对缺口试样冲击弯曲断裂过程的研究,论证了示波冲击P～δ图与试样断口结构的对应关系.将冲击值α_(?)分解为裂纹萌生功α_i与裂纹扩展功α_p,并研究这两部分功随温度降低时的变化规律,发现在韧～脆转变的温度范围内,α_K的降低主要受α_p的降低所控制,而α_i基本上保持不变.同时得到,对于所研究的两种材料,在韧～脆转变温度范围内,冲击值α_K与断口上纤维状组分FF%有线性关系:α_K=α_i B×FF%.于是提出了求取裂纹扩展功的简便办法. 借助电子显微镜,观察分析了断口上不同区域的微观形貌以及随温度降低时断裂机制的变化,从微观上解释了不同材料低温脆断抗力的差别.     

Hydrogen effect on the mechanical behaviour and microstructural features of a Fe-Mn-C twinning induced plasticity steel

The influences of hydrogen on the mechanical properties and the fracture behaviour of Fe-22Mn-0.6C twinning induced plasticity steel have been investigated by slow strain rate tests and fractographic analysis.The steel showed high susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement,which led to 62.9%and 74.2%reduction in engineering strain with 3.1 and 14.4 ppm diffusive hydrogen,respectively.The fracture surfaces revealed a transition from ductile to brittle dominated fracture modes with the rising hydrogen contents.The underlying deformation and fracture mechanisms were further exploited by examining the hydrogen effects on the dislocation substructure,stacking fault probability,and twinning behaviour in pre-strained slow strain rate test specimens and notched tensile specimens using coupled electron channelling contrast imaging and electron backscatter diffraction techniques.The results reveal that the addition of hydrogen promotes planar dislocation structures,earlier nucleation of stacking faults,and deformation twinning within those grains which have tensile axis orientations close to<111>//rolling direction and<112>//rolling direction.The developed twin lamellae result in strain localization and micro-voids at grain boundaries and eventually lead to grain boundary decohesion.     

Effect of hydrogen attack on acoustic emission behavior of low carbon steel

In order to investigate the effect of hydrogen attack degree on acoustic emission(AE) behavior of low carbon steel during tensiling, specimens made of Low carbon steel was exposed to hydrogen gas of 18 MPa at 450 and 500℃ for 240, 480 and 720 h respectively. Experimental results show that with increase of the hydrogen attack degree, the totally AE activity decreases during tensiling. In addition, the count of AE signals with high amplitude for the specimens with hydrogen attack keeps a constant which is less than that without hydrogen attack. It is concluded that AE signals originate in the specimens with hydrogen attack from intergranular fracture induced by methane blisterings or/and microcracks on grain boundaries.     

Molecular Dynamics Simulation and Experimental Proof of Hydrogen-enhanced Dislocation Emission in Nickel

A quasi three dimensions molecular dynamic method was used to simulate the effect of hydrogen on dislocation emission and crack propagation in nickel. In situ observation in a transmission electron microscope (TEM) was used to confirm the simulation results. The simulation result indicated that hydrogen solubilized in nickel decreased the critical stress intensity for the dislocation emission, i.e., hydrogen enhanced dislocation emission. In situ observation in TEM showed that hydrogen enhanced dislocation emission and motion before the initiation of hydrogen-induced crack.     

氮化08F钢中氮化物的TEM观察及室温形变的影响

本文采用单向减薄制样法在透射电镜下观察了氮化08F铜中氮化物的形态及分布。结果表明:在氮化未形变的试样中,亚稳定的氮化物α”—Fe_(16)N_2主要是沿晶体的(100)面析出,同时在奥氏体晶界上也析出片状的氮化物。在形变氮化试样中氯化物主要是在位错缠结区和晶界处析出,而且氮化物的形态也不一样。     

Effect of shot peening on hydrogen embrittlement of high strength steel

The effect of shot peening (SP) on hydrogen embrittlement of high strength steel was investigated by electrochemical hydrogen charging, slow strain rate tensile tests, and hydrogen permeation tests. Microstructure observation, microhardness, and X-ray diffraction residual stress studies were also conducted on the steel. The results show that the shot peening specimens exhibit a higher resistance to hydrogen embrittlement in comparison with the no shot peening (NSP) specimens under the same hydrogen-charging current density. In addition, SP treatment sharply decreases the apparent hydrogen diffusivity and increases the subsurface hydrogen concentration. These findings are attributed to the changes in microstructure and compressive residual stress in the surface layer by SP. Scanning electron microscope fractographs reveal that the fracture surface of the NSP specimen exhibits the intergranular and quasi-cleavage mixed fracture modes, whereas the SP specimen shows only the quasi-cleavage fractures under the same hydrogen charging conditions, implying that the SP treatment delays the onset of intergranular fracture.     

轴承钢Ⅰ型疲劳裂纹扩展机理的研究

用三点弯曲试样测定了不同方法冶炼的轴承钢疲劳裂纹的扩展规律,研究了微观组织参数和晶界偏析对裂纹扩展的影响。结果表明晶粒和碳化物大小及晶界化学性质是疲劳裂纹扩展的主要控制因素。此外,运用位错偶极子理论讨论了轴承钢疲劳裂纹的扩展机理。     

冷裂纹产生机理分析

机械加工中出现的冷裂纹,是由于淬硬组织、氢和应力共同作用的结果,金属晶粒中位错的存在,将三个因素联系了起来。加工中严格控制氢的含量,是直接和有效防止冷裂纹产生的手段。     

水附着状态下奥贝球铁断裂韧性的脆化行为

研究了水附着状态下奥贝球铁(ADI)断裂韧性的脆化行为．研究结果表明，干燥状态下ADI具有较高的断裂韧性，但水附着状态下ADI的弹塑性断裂韧性JIc降至干燥状态下的20％以下，发生显著的脆化行为；断裂韧性的脆化与试样水浸泡履历无关，长时间(480h)水浸泡试样经再干燥后，其断裂韧性恢复到原有水平．裂纹尖端附着的水在ADI基体塑性变形时分解放出氢，氢扩散至试样的内部使ADI基体中的应力诱变马氏体发生氢脆，导致了ADI断裂韧性的脆化．     

X65管线钢抗H_2S腐蚀的试验研究

研究了不同显微组织管线钢抗H2S腐蚀的行为·结果表明,酒钢生产的X65管线钢,当显微组织是以针状铁素体为主的混合型组织时,管线钢具有优良的抗H2S腐蚀性能·经硫化氢腐蚀试验后,除出现程度不等的氢鼓泡外,试样断面上基本没有产生裂纹·氢鼓泡是由于钢中夹杂物处吸收由腐蚀而产生的氢所引起的·当钢表面上因腐蚀而释放出原子态氢后,由于硫化氢的催化作用,促进原子氢向钢中扩散,并在夹杂物与基体的界面上聚集形成分子氢·随着过程的进行,产生很高的压力,从而形成鼓泡·