DNA typing from single hairs

The characterization of genetic variation at the DNA level has generated significant advances in gene and disease mapping, and in the forensic identification of individuals. The most common method of DNA analysis, that of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), requires microgram amounts of relatively undegraded DNA for multi-locus typing, and hundreds of nanograms for single-locus comparisons. Such DNA frequently cannot be obtained from forensic samples such as single hairs and blood stains, or from anthropological, genetic or zoological samples collected in the field. To detect polymorphic DNA sequences from single human hairs, we have used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), in which specific short regions of a gene can be greatly amplified in vitro from as little as a single molecule of DNA. We have detected genetically variable mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences from the root region of shed, as well as freshly-plucked, single hairs; mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences have been detected in a sample from a single hair shaft. We have used three different means of DNA typing on these samples: the determination of amplified DNA fragment length differences, hybridization with allele-specific oligonucleotide probes, and direct DNA sequencing.     

石蒜单染色体的显微分离及体外扩增

建立了石蒜单染色体的分离及体外扩增的方法。石蒜根尖经卡诺固定液固定后，再用果胶酶和纤维素酶酶解处理，制得标本，在倒置显微镜下，用自制的毛细管针挑取目的的染色体。将分离的石蒜染色体放入0．2mLEppedorf管中，经蛋白酶K处理后，进行DOP－PCR扩增，获得DNA片段。琼脂糖凝胶电泳显示扩增产物的长度大约为100－5000bp。此法为构建石蒜单染色体基因组库和筛选其特异性探针奠定了基础。     

性别鉴定的分子生物学技术与ZFY途径

立足性别决定的雄性决定说，综述了三十年来搜寻Ｙ染色体上睾丸决定因子（ＴＤＦ）的进程以及在此理论基础上发展起来的Ｙ－特异ＤＮＡ探针杂交、ＰＣＲ扩增Ｙ－特异ＤＮＡ、ＰＣＲ扩增ＳＲＹ序列、ＰＣＲ扩增ＺＦＹ序列等分子水平性别鉴定技术；比较了各种技术的长处与不足以及采用ＺＦＹ序列进行性别鉴定的优势     

Genomic and genic sequence variation in synthetic hexaploid wheat （AABBDD） as compared to their parental species

In order to understand the genomic changes during the evolution of hexaploid wheat, two sets of synthetic hexaploid wheat from hybridization between maternal tetraploid wheat （AABB） and paternal diploid goat grass （DD） were used for DNA-AFLP and single strand conformation polymorphism （SSCP） analysis to determine the genomic and genic variation in the synthetic hexaploid wheat. Results indicated that more DNA sequences from paternal diploid species were eliminated in the synthetic hexaploid wheat than from maternal tetraploid wheat, suggesting that genome from parental species of lower ploidity tends to be eliminated preferentially. However, sequence variation detected by SSCP procedure was much lower than those detected by DNA-AFLP, which indicated that much less variation in the genic regions occurred in the synthetic hexaploid wheat, and sequence variations detected by DNA-AFLP could be derived mostly from non-coding regions and repetitive sequences. Our results also indicated that sequence variation in 4 genes can be detected in hybrid F1, which suggested that this type of sequence variation could be resulted from distant hybridization. It was interesting to note that 3 out of the 4 genes were mapped and clustered on the long arm of chromosome 2D, which indicated that variation in genic sequences in synthetic hexaploid wheat might not be a randomized process.     

Genomic and genie sequence variation in synthetic hexaploid wheat(AABBDD)as compared to their parental species

In order to understand the genomic changes during the evolution of hexaploid wheat,two sets of synthetic hexaploid wheat from hybridization between maternal tetraploid wheat (AABB) and paternal diploid goat grass(DD)were used for DNA-AFLP and single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis to determine the genomic and genie variation in the synthetic hexaploid wheat.Results indicated that more DNA sequences from paternal diploid species wen eliminated in the synthetic hexaploid wheat than from maternal tetraploid wheat,suggesting that genome from parental species of lower ploidity tends to be eliminated preferentially.However,sequence variation detected by SSCP procedure was much lower than those detected by DNA-AFLP.which indicated that much less variation in the genie regions occurred in the synthetic hexaploid wheat.and sequence variations detected by DNA-AFLP could be derived mostly from non-coding regions and repetitive sequences.Our results also indicated that sequence variation in 4 genes can be detected in hybrid F1.which suggested that this type of sequence variation could be resulted from distant hybridization.It was interesting to note that 3 out of the 4 genes were mapped and clustered on the long alTll of chromosome 2D,which indicated that variation in genic sequences in synthetic hexaploid wheat might not be a randomized process.     

Genomic and genic sequence variation in synthetic hexaploid wheat (AABBDD) as compared to their parental species

In order to understand the genomic changes during evolution of hexaploid wheat, two sets of synthetic hexaploid wheat from hybridization between maternal tetraploid wheat (AABB) and paternal diploid goat grass (DD) were used for DNA-AFLP and single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis to determine the genomic and genic variation in the synthetic hexaploid wheat. Results indicated that more DNA sequences from paternal diploid species were eliminated in the synthetic hexaploid wheat than from maternal tetraploid wheat, suggesting that genome from parental species of lower ploidity tends to be eliminated preferentially. However, sequence variation detected by SSCP procedure was much lower than those detected by DNA-AFLP, which indicated that much less variation in the genic regions occurred in the synthetic hexaploid wheat, and sequence variations detected by DNA-AFLP could be derived mostly from non-coding regions and repetitive sequences. Our results also indicated that sequence variation in 4 genes can be detected in hybrid F1, which suggested that this type of sequence variation could be resulted from distant hybridization. It was interesting to note that 3 out of the 4 genes were mapped and clustered on the long arm of chromosome 2D, which indicated that variation in genic sequences in synthetic hexaploid wheat might not be a randomized process.     

嗜麦芽黄单胞菌CG样受体跨膜域克隆与分析

根据已知生物LH/CG受体同源性较大的跨膜域序列设计引物，以嗜麦芽黄单胞菌基因组DNA为模板进行PCR扩增，将约600bp目的产物克隆到pUCm-T载体上，经酶切及PCR扩增筛选鉴定得到重组质粒pUCm-Rec，以DIG标记的PCR扩增片段作为探针进行DNA斑点杂交，确证目的PCR扩增片段与该菌染色体DNA有同源性，克隆到的593bpCG样受体跨膜域序列在GenBank中的注册号为AY355346，再以地高辛标记的593bp跨膜域序列为探针，从构建的该菌基因组文库中，筛选到可能与CG样受体属于同一跨膜受体家族的编码组氨酸激酶／效应调节杂合蛋白部分序列的685bp核酸片段(其在GenBank中的注册号为AY359445)。     

Molecular cloning, chromosomal mapping and expression analysis of disease resistance gene homologues in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Resistance-like sequences have been amplified from first strand cDNA and genomic DNA of rice by PCR using oligonucleotide primers designed from sequence motifs conserved between resistance genes of tobacco andArabidopsis thaliana. 3 PCR clones, designatedOsr1, Osr2 andOsr3 which were 98% identical in nucleotide sequence level, have been found to be significantly homologous to known plant resistance genes and all contained the conserved motifs of NBS-LRR type resistance genes, such as P-loop, kinase2a, kinase3a and transmembrane domain.Southern hybridization revealed that rice resistance gene hornologueswere organized as a cluster in the genome. RFLP mapping using a DH population derived from anindica/japonka cross (Zhaiyeqing 8/Jingxi 17) and an RFLP linkage map assigned two copies ofOsrl and one copy ofOsr3 to the distal position of chromosome 12 where a blast resistance QTL has been mapped previously. Northern blot analysis showed thatOsrl gene was constitutively transcribed in rice leaves, shoots and roots. Further study concerning isolation of full-length cDNAs would be conducive to elucidating the functions of these genes.     

用PCR法检测人巨细胞病毒DNA

用聚合酶链式反应（ＰＣＲ）法检测患者尿液中人巨细胞病毒（ＨＣＭＶ）ＤＮＡ．结果表明，自行设计合成的引物位于ＨＣＭＶ基因组早期蛋白基因区，经ＰＣＲ仪扩增一段长４３０ｂｐ的特异序列片段，对正常人基因组ＤＮＡ或其它疱疹病毒ＤＮＡ无交叉反应．此法可检测出少至１０－１６ｇ（０．１ｆｇ）的病毒ＤＮＡ．通过对３５份尿液标本的检测，比较ＰＣＲ法和组织培养法的检测结果完全一致     

向日葵Pst Ⅰ和Mse Ⅰ内切酶组合AFLP标记体系的建立及引物筛选

 为建立并优化适合向日葵的Pst Ⅰ 和Mse Ⅰ 组合的AFLP 技术体系, 为下一步构建遗传连锁图谱及开展分子标记辅助育种奠定基础, 对向日葵基因组DNA 提取方法、酶切连接体系和选择性扩增程序的影响因素进行优化, 并对适合向日葵AFLP 分析的引物组合进行筛选。结果表明, 模板DNA 的提取采用改进CTAB 法, 酶切连接采用一步法反应14 h, 在选择性扩增体系20 μL中, Mg²⁺和dNTP 浓度分别为2 mmol/L 和0.3 mmol/L, 选扩引物的浓度为0.6 mmol/L, 预扩增产物最适稀释倍数为30 倍。同时筛选出了稳定且多态性丰富的48 对适合向日葵AFLP 分析的引物组合。     

LPA法克隆嗜盐菌Halobacterium species xz515古紫质基因

Halobacterium species xz515是从中国西藏分离到的嗜盐菌，所含古紫质(古细菌视紫红质的简称命名为AR4)具有与其他已知菌视紫红质相反的质子释放和吸收的顺序而引起重视．连接反应介导的PCR扩增法(LPA)是一种克隆部分序列已知的基因的新型克隆方法．LPA法利用“酶切-连接-PCR”之组合，首先选定一组限制性内切酶，各自单独地酶切细菌总DNA样品，然后酶切产物分别与相应的寡聚核苷酸片段接头连接．连接液混合起来，作为扩增未知序列DNA的模板．通过这种方法，克隆到了包括完整AR4基因开放阅读框和0．4kb上游调控区域的总长度1．3kb的DNA片段．实验结果表明LPA法可以代替传统的构建基因组DNA文库的方法，可以快速有效地获得目标基因相关的序列．     

The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing

The association of genetic variation with disease and drug response, and improvements in nucleic acid technologies, have given great optimism for the impact of 'genomic medicine'. However, the formidable size of the diploid human genome, approximately 6 gigabases, has prevented the routine application of sequencing methods to deciphering complete individual human genomes. To realize the full potential of genomics for human health, this limitation must be overcome. Here we report the DNA sequence of a diploid genome of a single individual, James D. Watson, sequenced to 7.4-fold redundancy in two months using massively parallel sequencing in picolitre-size reaction vessels. This sequence was completed in two months at approximately one-hundredth of the cost of traditional capillary electrophoresis methods. Comparison of the sequence to the reference genome led to the identification of 3.3 million single nucleotide polymorphisms, of which 10,654 cause amino-acid substitution within the coding sequence. In addition, we accurately identified small-scale (2-40,000 base pair (bp)) insertion and deletion polymorphism as well as copy number variation resulting in the large-scale gain and loss of chromosomal segments ranging from 26,000 to 1.5 million base pairs. Overall, these results agree well with recent results of sequencing of a single individual by traditional methods. However, in addition to being faster and significantly less expensive, this sequencing technology avoids the arbitrary loss of genomic sequences inherent in random shotgun sequencing by bacterial cloning because it amplifies DNA in a cell-free system. As a result, we further demonstrate the acquisition of novel human sequence, including novel genes not previously identified by traditional genomic sequencing. This is the first genome sequenced by next-generation technologies. Therefore it is a pilot for the future challenges of 'personalized genome sequencing'.     

随机扩增多态性DNA技术在生命科学炽的应用

DNA分子标记是DNA水平上遗传变异的直接反映,随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）技术,是新发展起来的一种DNA分子标记方法。文中详细阐述了RAPD技术的原理,进一步与限制性片段长度多态性（Restriction FragmentLength Polmorphism,RFLP)技术相比,得出它具有快速,简便和对材料要求不高等特点,最后讨论了RAPD技术在生命科学研究中各个方面的广泛应用,包括种基因组的分子谱图建、系统进化发育以及基因定位研究等。     

2种PCR技术扩增微分离的蚕豆染色体

用接头介导的PCR (polymerase chain reaction, LA-PCR) 和简并寡核苷酸PCR(DOP-PCR)2种技术对微分离的蚕豆(vicia faba)大M染色体进行了扩增,并对扩增结果及2种PCR技术的优缺点进行了比较.结果表明,LA-PCR的扩增产物大小为0.3～3kb, 而DOP-PCR的扩增产物大小为0.3～1.3kb. LA-PCR的对照中未观察到扩增产物,而DOP-PCR的对照中却明显观察到扩增产物,此扩增产物是由于引物之间相互退火而形成的二聚体或更高级的聚合体. LA-PCR的Southern杂交信号明显强于DOP-PCR,可见LA-PCR的扩增效率明显高于DOP-PCR.     

An easy-to-use site-directed mutagenesis method with a designed restriction site for convenient and reliable mutant screening

Site-directed mutagenesis (SDM) has been a very important method to probe the function-structure relationship of proteins. In this study, we introduced an easy-to-use, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based SDM method for double-stranded plasmid DNA, with a designed restriction site to ensure simple and efficient mutant screening. The DNA sequence to be mutated was first translated into amino acid sequence and then the amino acid sequence was reversely translated into DNA sequence with degenerate codons, resulting in a large number of sequences with silent mutations, which contained various restriction endonuclease (RE) sites. Certain mutated sequence with an appropriate RE site was selected as the target DNA sequence for designing a pair of mutation primers to amplify the full-length plasmid via inverse PCR. The amplified product was 5′-phosphorylated, circularized, and transformed into an Escherichia coli host. The transformants were screened by digesting with the designed RE. This protocol uses only one pair of primers and only one PCR is conducted, without the need for hybridization with hazardous isotope for mutant screening or subcloning step.     

Detection of single base substitutions in total genomic DNA

Certain single base substitutions causing genetic diseases or resulting in polymorphisms linked to mutant alleles, alter a restriction enzyme cleavage site and can therefore be detected in total genomic DNA using DNA blots. Many base substitutions do not lead to an altered restriction site, but these can be detected using synthetic oligonucleotides as hybridization probes if the DNA sequence surrounding the base substitution is known. In the case of beta-thalassaemia, where 22 different single base mutations have been identified, a large number of probes would be required for diagnosis. An approach which was used to detect mutations in viral DNA involves the S1 nuclease treatment of heteroduplexes formed between wild-type and mutant DNA. Although certain single base mismatches are cleaved by S1 nuclease (ref. 11 and T. Shenk, personal communication), many other mismatches examined by this procedure are not cleaved (B. Seed, personal communication; R.M.M., unpublished data). Heteroduplexes between mutant and wild-type subgenomic fragments of double-stranded reovirus RNA migrate slower than the corresponding homoduplexes in polyacrylamide gels containing 7 M urea, but it is not known whether this method is applicable to DNA heteroduplexes containing single base mismatches. Here we describe a procedure that involves the electrophoretic separation of DNA heteroduplexes in a well-characterized gel system. We show that four different human beta-thalassaemia alleles with known single base mutations can be detected with as little as 5 micrograms of total genomic DNA. The method should be useful in the localization and diagnosis of mutations associated with genetic diseases.     

Cloning and sequencing of Gtx-2 homeobox sequence

Murine genomic DNA was surveyed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect homeobox sequence of mammal. The PCR product (413 bp) was cloned and sequenced. The nucleotide sequence and the deduced amino acid sequence of a homeobox, which was isolated in this study, designated Gtx-2 were obtained. The result of sequence analysis showed that there is an intron between the nucleotides at position 138 and 139 in the Gtx-2 homeobox. Southern blot analysis revealed that Gtx-2 is likely to exist as a single copy in the murine genome. Comparison of the encoded polypeptide sequence with other homeodomains reveals that Gtx-2 has 96% and 58% identity to that of Gtx-1 and Tcl-3, respectively. Ma Xiaojun: born in 1941, Associate professor.     

分子生物学方法在微生物生态学研究中的应用

由于传统分离培养微生物的局限，分子生物学技术避开了传统微生物培养分析的环节，直接从样品中抽取总DNA，然后通过PCR扩增及其相关技术、核酸杂交技术、RNA基因序列分析等方法对直接提取的总DNA进行分析，了解其中微生物信息．这些通过遗传物质进行研究的分子方法，为微生态的研究开辟了新的途径，并已经得到广泛的应用．