一种优良半矮秆水稻品种的分离与分子鉴定

株1S是中国南方稻区杂交水稻育种广泛应用的优良籼型温敏雄性核不育系.为了改良其农艺性状,我们采用体细胞无性系诱变方法筛选半矮秆突变体.本文报道了2个体细胞无性系突变体SV1S和SV14S的表型和初步分子鉴定结果.与亲本株1S相比,突变体的高度降低,基部节间长度缩短,节间壁显著增厚,但是上部的节间变化不明显.更重要的是,我们发现赤霉素生物合成途径中的关键酶基因GA20ox-2出现了约200bp的缺失突变,导致该基因在半矮秆突变体中的转录水平降低.研究结果表明,突变体SV1S和SV14S很可能是由于同一缺失突变导致赤霉素合成受阻,从而部分导致了半矮秆性状的出现.然而,2个突变体苗期的高度相同,以及糊粉层细胞!-淀粉酶活性和赤霉素敏感性降低等性状与以前报道的sd-1突变体有所不同.因此,我们推测在SV突变体中可能还存在第二个突变位点.该结果也进一步证实了体细胞无性系诱变在水稻育种中具有良好的应用前景.     

甘蓝型油菜矮化突变体的茎秆发育转录组分析

甘蓝型油菜矮化突变体"NDF-1"是从高秆油菜"3529"理化诱变群体中分离的矮化突变体,它的株高只有高秆亲本的1/3,是一个优良的甘蓝型油菜矮化资源.本文应用RNA-Seq测序技术分析了"NDF-1"茎开始伸长的抽薹期和花期转录组,为深入了解油菜茎秆发育机理提供基因组层面的参考.抽薹期和花期的测序数据通过筛选得到了4.55亿条质量合格的clean reads.经过对高质量序列的组装注释,筛选得到"NDF-1"和"3529"间的2147条差异表达基因(DEGs).选择其中的20个差异表达基因进行了荧光定量PCR验证.通过GO和KEGG分析,发现"NDF-1"的矮化与赤霉素、生长素和油菜素内酯相关,细胞伸长异常和细胞壁的不正常形成也影响"NDF-1"的茎秆发育.从差异基因中筛选出与植物矮化性状相关的基因,为利用矮化基因改善性状和矮化机理的研究和提供了更多信息.     

水稻矮秆基因d-ss的遗传分析与克隆

通过γ射线诱变,从粳稻品种9522的M2代中筛选出一株矮秆水稻(Oryza sativa L.)突变体,定名d-ss.d-ss突变体表现为叶色深绿、短宽的叶片、以及小而圆的籽粒.以d-ss突变体与籼稻品种龙特普杂交的F2代群体为基因定位群体,利用InDel分子标记将d-ss突变位点定位在5号染色体上的InDel标记ZZ5-6和ZZ1343之间,物理距离为412kb.最终通过图位克隆的方法获得了此基因,测序结果表明此基因在编码区发生了两处缺失突变.     

水稻矮化突变体G蛋白α亚基基因的结构和表达

利用γ-Co60辐射诱发水稻特光矮-2(Oryza sativa L.cv.TGA-2)产生变异,获得一种稳定遗传的新型水稻矮化突变体dwarf69.dwarf69和TGA-2及其杂交后代F1、F2、F3成熟期的株高数据表明矮化表型受一对隐性基因控制.进一步研究发现,虽然dwarf69和TGA-2的G蛋白α亚基基因(Rice G protein alpha-subunit,RGA)编码区核苷酸序列只有一个核苷酸的差异,但RGA在野生型TGA-2中的表达量明显高于在突变体dwarf69中的表达量.对矮化突变体dwarf69和野生型TGA-2的RGA基因5＇上游区的序列分析表明,dwarf69 RGA 5＇上游区比TGA-2RGA5＇上游区多出1076bp.首次报道水稻矮化突变体中的RGA5＇上游区序列与其野生种的RGA5＇上游区序列存在显著的差异.     

水稻卷叶矮化突变体rld的表型鉴定及基因精细定位

为了研究引起水稻叶片卷曲的分子机理,鉴定出新的水稻卷叶基因.用~(60)Co-γ射线辐射诱变籼稻品种镇恢084,获得一份卷叶矮化突变体材料,命名为rld(rolling leaf and dwarf).通过形态学分析水稻表型,石蜡切片观察叶片细胞组织形态,图位克隆和测序技术进行精细定位和确定目的基因,生物信息学分析蛋白序列结构.结果显示:rld突变体叶片极度内卷,株高降低,穗长变短,结实率降低;rld突变体叶片维管束间的下表皮叶肉细胞面积增大;rld基因精细定位在标记Indel2和Indel5间的32.3 kb的物理区间,测序发现rld是调控卷叶基因RL9的一个新等位基因,由于外显子上精氨酸缺失引起rld基因编码的蛋白空间结构发生改变.推测精氨酸在RL9蛋白的正常功能行使过程中是必要的,对维持水稻叶片表型具有至关重要的作用.     

激素对甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus L)矮化突变体幼苗生长及内源GA3含量的影响

以甘蓝型油菜矮化突变体“DDF-1”为材料,研究了赤霉素（GA3）、生长素（IAA）和油菜素内酯（BR）3种激素对突变体幼苗的影响,并用石蜡切片观察其细胞形态,用酶联免疫吸附技术(ELISA) 检测下胚轴内源激素GA3含量.结果表明,外加一定浓度的GA3（7 mg/L）对矮化突变体“DDF-1”的下胚轴伸长作用显著,但不能使之恢复到野生型的长度;萌发早期,BR有明显的促进伸长作用,萌发后期效果不明显;突变体对IAA敏感性较弱.三种激素交互作用对矮秆下胚轴伸长的影响也不显著.施加外源GA3的矮化突变体“DD     

稻瘟菌致病性变异突变体的筛选及共分离分析

通过筛选稻瘟菌(Magnaporthe grisea)P131小种的REMI(Restriction Enzyme MediatedIntegration)转化体库获得对水稻品种梅雨明致病性变异的突变体,命名为PX1.与野生型菌株P131相比,该突变体对水稻品种梅雨明致病性丧失,在洋葱表皮上侵染钉形成率显著降低,而孢子萌发率和附着胞形成率差异不显著.遗传分析表明,该突变体的突变表型和潮霉素抗性标记共分离,说明突变是由于外源质粒插入引起的,因此,可以此为标记克隆控制该表型的基因.     

一个新的水稻矮秆突变体sd-sl的遗传与基因定位研究

新的矮秆基因的发掘、研究和利用对水稻育种和植物生长发育机制研究有重要的作用.用60Coγ射线辐照粳稻9522,获得一个能稳定遗传的突变体.该突变体表型为株高较野生型矮,叶片短而微卷.将该突变体与籼稻广陆矮杂交,F2代呈3∶1分离,说明该突变体受隐性单基因控制.通过InDel分子标记对F2代分离群体进行遗传定位,将该基因定位于第6染色体InDel标记OS604附近.随后又发展了多对有多态性的InDel分子标记,将该基因座位精细定位在InDel标记XL6-6和XL6-1之间,AP003490和AP005619上,两个引物之间的物理距离为118 kb.本研究为该克隆基因及其作用机理的探究奠定了基础.     

水稻白叶枯病菌hrp调节基因hrpG的鉴定及其变异分析

根据水稻细菌性条斑病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzicola,Xooc)hrp基因的序列设计引物,通过PCR方法从水稻白叶枯病菌JXOⅢ和PXO99A菌株中扩增得到核苷酸序列完全一致的hrpG基因.以该基因为探针与JXOⅢ/pUFR034基因组文库中含有hrpX克隆pUHRX245(36.8 kb)的4个亚克隆进行southern blot分子杂交,确定在亚克隆pB1中1.3 kb大小的片段和AE4(3.0 kb)片段中存在hrpG同源序列.测序结果表明,在pB1中有586个碱基序列,在AE4中有206个碱基,共同构成完整的hrpG基因,且与已知的hrpX基因是毗邻的.以同样方法从水稻白叶枯病菌PXO99A菌株的hrp-突变体M16中扩增得到hrpG基因对应位置的同源突变序列.序列分析表明其有意义突变为541位的C→T的突变,从而导致亮氨酸变为苯丙氨酸(Leu→Phe).将hrpG基因和突变序列分别导入突变体M16中,转移结合子M16/hrpG(PXO99A)恢复了其在烟草上的过敏反应和在水稻上的致病性,而突变序列的结合子M16/hrpG(M16)则不能使其恢复功能,从而确定M16是由于单个碱基的突变所引起的功能突变.经过对基因及其产物的比对发现,对于第Ⅱ组hrp调节基因hrpG的变异,种间变化明显高于种内不同致病变种的变化.     

籼稻矮杆突变体Tm049的表型分析及其对外源赤霉素的响应

利用60Coγ射线辐照籼稻93-11,获得一个性状稳定的矮化突变体材料Tm049,对其表型、节间细胞结构及生理特性方面进行了分析。研究结果表明,Tm049植株矮化、叶色略深且短而宽、分蘖少、穗型直立状、籽粒小而圆、属于dn型矮杆;第一节间和第二节间细胞体积和数目发生变化;第二叶鞘对外源赤霉素(GA3)敏感性降低;内源GA3水平略高于野生型.推测该突变体可能与GA的信号途径缺失有关.研究结果为今后该基因的定位克隆、功能分析及分子标记辅助培育理想株型的新品种奠定了研究基础.     

Identification of a novel tillering dwarf mutant and fine mapping of the TDDL（T） gene in rice （Oryza sativa L.）

Rice plant architecture is an important agronomic trait that affects the grain yield. To understand the molecular mechanism that controls plant architecture, a tillering dwarf mutant with darker-green leaves derived from an indica cultivar IR64 treated with EMS is characterized. The mutant, designated as tddl（t）, is nonallelic to the known tiilering dwarf mutants. It is controlled by one recessive nuclear gene, TDDL（T）, and grouped into the dn-type dwarfism according to Takeda＇s definition. The dwarfism of the mutant is independent of gibberellic acid based on the analyses of two GA-mediated processes. The independence of brassinosteroid （BR） and naphthal-3-acetic acid （NAA） of the tddl（t） mutant, together with the decreased size of parenchyma cells in the vascular bundle, indicates that the TDDL（7） gene might participate in another hormone pathway. TDDL（T） is fine mapped within an 85.51 kb region on the long arm of rice chromosome 4, where 20 ORFs are predicted by RiceGAAS （http：//ricegaas.dna.affrc. go.jp/rgadb/）. Further cloning of TDDL（T） will benefit both marker assisted selection （MAS） of plant architecture and dissection of the molecular mechanism underlying tillering dwarf in rice.     

Control of tillering in rice

Tillering in rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important agronomic trait for grain production, and also a model system for the study of branching in monocotyledonous plants. Rice tiller is a specialized grain-bearing branch that is formed on the unelongated basal internode and grows independently of the mother stem (culm) by means of its own adventitious roots. Rice tillering occurs in a two-stage process: the formation of an axillary bud at each leaf axil and its subsequent outgrowth. Although the morphology and histology and some mutants of rice tillering have been well described, the molecular mechanism of rice tillering remains to be elucidated. Here we report the isolation and characterization of MONOCULM 1 (MOC1), a gene that is important in the control of rice tillering. The moc1 mutant plants have only a main culm without any tillers owing to a defect in the formation of tiller buds. MOC1 encodes a putative GRAS family nuclear protein that is expressed mainly in the axillary buds and functions to initiate axillary buds and to promote their outgrowth.     

Fine mapping and cloning of MT1,a novel allele of D10

Rice tillering is an important determinant for grain production.To investigate the mechanism of tillering,we characterized a multiple tillering mutant (mt1) identified from the japonica variety,Zhonghua 11,treated with EMS.This mutant exhibits advanced tillering development and dwarfed compared with wild-type plants.Genetic analysis and fine gene mapping indicated that the mt1 mutant was controlled by a recessive gene,residing on a 29-kb window on AP003376 of chromosome 1.One putative gene in this region,encoding a carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 8 (CCD8),was allelic to D10.The mt1 mutant phenotype was complemented by introduction of wild-type MT1,and knockdown of MT1 in wild-type rice mimicked the mutant phenotype.Real-time PCR analysis indicated that the MT1 gene is expressed highly in stems and at a low level in axillary buds,panicles,leaves,and roots.In addition,MT1 expression is clearly under feedback regulation.     

Mapping and characterization of a tiller-spreading mutant<Emphasis Type="Italic">lazy-2</Emphasis> in rice

Tiller angle of rice is an important agronomic trait that contributes to breed new varieties with ideal architecture. In this study, we report mapping and characterization of a rice mutant defective in tiller angle. At the seedling stage, the newly developed tillers of the mutant plants grow with a large angle that leads to a “lazy“ phenotype at the mature stage. Genetic analysis indicates that this tillerspreading phenotype is controlled by one recessive gene that is allelic to a reported mutant la. Therefore, the mutant was named la-2 and la renamed la-1. To map and clone LA, we constructed a large mapping population. Genetic linkage analysis showed that the LA gene is located between 2 SSR markers RM202 and RM229. By using the 6 newly-developed molecular markers, the LA gene was placed within a 0.4 cM interval on chromosome 11, allowing us to clone LA and study the mechanism that controls rice tiller angle at the molecular level.     

优质水稻桂花香品系农艺性状调查分析

分析调查新育成的优质水稻桂花香品系及目前广东优质稻生产中3个当家品种的主要农艺性。调查表明，桂花香品系具有良好的农艺性状。株高在90－100范围内，适当增加分蘖能力、减小冠层3片功能叶的张角和增加叶面积指数（LAI），是优质稻株型改良的重点之一。     

水稻品种比较试验研究初报

对5个新育成的优质水稻品种与对照品种在分蘖和产量性状进行了对比试验。结果表明：品种9的分蘖能力强，产量高，具有超高产潜力；品种1的结实率高，分蘖能力强，具有高产潜力；品种2，品种3，品种4的分蘖能力和产量性状较相似；对照种品种(粳籼89)的产量潜力有限，产量不高，分蘖能力较弱。     

Antisense expression of a rice cellular apoptosis susceptibility gene (OsCAS) alters the height of transgenic rice

Cellular apoptosis susceptibility (CAS) gene plays important roles in mitosis, development and export of importin α from the nucleus, but its function in plant is unknown. In this study, a rice CAS ortholog (OsCAS), which encodes a predicted protein of 983 amino acids with 62% similarity to human CAS, was identified. DNA gel blot analysis revealed a single copy of OsCAS in the rice genome. A 973 bp fragment at the 3′ end of OsCAS cDNA was cloned from rice cDNA library and transferred into rice in the antisense direction under the control of CaMV 35S promoter via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method, 105 transgenic lines were obtained. Expression of OsCAS was suppressed in the antisense transgenic lines as revealed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. The antisense transgenic lines showed dwarf phenotypes. The results indicated that OsCAS was involved in culm development of rice.     

柴油污水对水稻茎蘖生长及产量的影响

试验表明,用柴油污水灌溉水稻引起籽粒产量显著下降的临界浓度在1000 mg/L左右,而2000 mg/L以上浓度则引起水稻植株的枯死.高氮水平下的水稻油污危害比低氮水平时轻,而低氮水平下50 mg/L柴油污水浓度对水稻茎蘖和籽粒的生长略有促进作用.     

Genetic analysis and gene fine mapping of a rolling leaf mutant (<Emphasis Type="Italic">rl</Emphasis><Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">11(t)</Emphasis></Subscript>) in rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L.)

The exploration of new genes controlling rice leaf shape is an important foundation for rice functional genomics and plant archi-tecture improvement. In the present study, we identified a rolling leaf mutant from indica variety Yuefeng B, named rl_11(t), which exhibited reduced plant height, rolling and narrow leaves. Leaves in rl_11(t) mutant showed abnormal number and morphology of veins compared with those in wild type plants. In addition, rl_11(t) mutant was less sensitive to the inhibitory effect of auxin than the wild type. Genetic analysis suggested that the mutant was controlled by a single recessive gene. Gene Rl_11(t) was initially mapped between SSR markers RM6089 and RM124 on chromosome 4. Thirty-two new STS markers around the Rl_11(t) region were developed for fine mapping. A physical map encompassing the Rl_11(t) locus was constructed and the target gene was finally delimited to a 31.6 kb window between STS4-25 and STS4-26 on BAC AL606645. This provides useful information for cloning of Rl_11(t) gene.