A Milestone in China’s Space History —The White Paper on China’s Space Activities

The white paper document titled“China’s Space Activities”,released in November２０００by the Information Office of the State Council,represents the first time for China to fully,systematically and publicly introduce to the world China’s space development strategy and concerned policies．Its release is a milestone event in the country’s space history,bearing great importance and profound influence to its future space efforts．The paper here describes the shaping processes of some important new ideas and concepts,including the connotative meaning of“space activities in a broad sense”and the roles and positions of different sectors in such activities．It also briefly discusses related policies concerning the country’s space development and short term concepts and plans on its civil space activities．     

China''s Lunar Exploration Program——The Third Milestone for China''s Space Industry

1PrefaceThe moon is the only natural satellite of theEarth.It has a tranquil,bright and clearappearance in the eyes of people on the Earth.Because of its thin brilliance that brings loverswith quiet warmthinthe night,it is likened to ajade plate or a lovely and graceful woman.In the late1950s and early1960s of the lastcentury,the former Soviet Union and the UnitedStateslaunched spacecraft to explore the moon insuccession.Particularly,the U.S.performedthefirst manned landing in the Apollo11…     

Study of the Development Road Map of China’s Renewable Energy

Renewable energy （RE） has been attached high attention around the world due to its carbon-free and indigenous production in a sustainable way. China enjoys plenty of renewable energy resources, particularly the wind, solar, hydro- and biomass energy, which could be a sound basis for a large-scale exploitation. This report examines the current status of RE technology and industry, analyzes the challenges of promoting RE in China. In order to pave the way for a long-term development of RE, this paper outlines the basic principles and priorities for individual RE technology. In line with these, the paper puts forward the RE targets and further describes the RE road map by 2020, 2030 and extend to 2050, taking consideration of China＇ s RE resources, industrial basis and energy demand etc. At last, this paper provides some recommendations to ensure the achievements of the RE targets.     

On the development of the GRAPES——A new generation of the national operational NWP system in China

Numerical weather prediction （NWP） has become one of the most important means for weather forecasts in the world. It also mirrors a nation＇s comprehensive strength in meteorology. In 2000, China Meteorological Administration （CMA） established the National Innovative Base for Meteorological Numerical Prediction in the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences （CAMS）, to work on developing a new generation of the national operational NWP system-Global/Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System （GRAPES）, to enhance meteorological services in China in the new century. In recent years, the GRAPES has witnessed a fast development. The GRAPES has been set up as an integration of the model framework, data assimilation, regional and global NWP system, which can be commonly used for both operation and research. In this paper, a brief review is made for illustrating the GRAPES system, including the advanced designs of the GRAPES, its diverse applications in multi-fields, and efficiencies of the regional and global GRAPES in operational applications based on hindcast results.     

Inclusive education in Australia and enlightenment on China's education

In this article, inclusion and inclusive education are described. With more and more attention on human right that every child can learn and have the same right to access to education, special education has become a new focus of the population. Inclusion as a significant field in special education shows equality, a basic principle of special education. However, in process of special instruction, there are still some myths （such as teachers who work with students identified as special instruction needed must master the special skills and a detailed knowledge of the child＇s knowledge; teachers need unending patience in special instruction; and every child＇s learning is completely different） that should be dispelled. In addition, some effective teaching methods that offer enlightenment for China＇s education are introduced in the field of special education, for an instance, non-categorical approach to teaching, curriculum adaptations, small group instruction, one to one instruction and improving students＇ self-estee     

软件工程人才培养探索与实践

Through explorations in fields of co-education by efforts of enterprises and the university,along with international communication and cooperation in variety,the Software School of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China has successfully shifted its training program featured with single-sided academic merits to a comprehensive system focused on comprehension,application and pragmatism.In principle of the conception of realizing the talents' seamless coupling with the enterprises' demand,the School takes as its very target to strive for the students' enterprises-oriented flexible employment.     

Becoming a first-class research university through creative innovation

After half a century of focussed hard work, the University of Science and Technology of China （USTC） recently celebrated the 50th anniversary of its founding. President Hu Jingtao sent a con- gratulatory letter, encouraging USTC to strengthen its sense of mission and responsibility, to aim for cutting edge scientific and technological research, to serve China＇s strategic development needs, to creatively teach and research and to do all possible to build a world-class research university.     

Tracing the life history of a marginal sea—On “The South China Sea Deep” Research Program

The Major Research Program "Deep Sea Processes and Evolution of the South China Sea", or "The South China Sea Deep", launched in January 2011 by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, is the first large-scale basic-research program in ocean science in the country aiming to reconstruct the life history of a marginal sea. The overall scientific objective of the program is to dissect this typical marginal sea by studying its history of evolution and its modern processes, including the following three major components:(1) Development of the deep basin:utilizing new techniques to re-measure magnetic anomaly lineations, to explore the deep tectonic features, to drill the oceanic crust, and to study volcanic seamount chains; (2) deep-water sediments: observing the modern processes to reveal the patterns of deep-water circulations and sedimentation, analyzing deep-sea sediments to recognize paleoceanographic response to basin evolution, and subsequently to bridge the modern and paleo-studies of the deep-sea processes; and (3) biogeochemical processes:using a variety of techniques including deploying submarine observation and deep-water diving device to investigate the distribution patterns and environmental impacts of deepwater seepages and sub-bottom circulation, and to reveal the role of microbes in deep-sea carbon cycling. As compared with the open ocean and other marginal seas, the South China Sea enjoys many more advantages as a marine basin for reconstructing the life history. Meanwhile, the South China Sea Deep Program provides unique opportunities in studying the evolution and variations of the sea-land interactions between the Pacific and Asia.     

Visual Modeling of Rice Root Growth Based on B-Spline Curve

As a major food production crop in China, the growth and development of rice is an extremely complex systemic process,and the root system is the main organ for rice to obtain nutrients.Therefore, 3D modeling and visualization of the rice root system can help to further understand its morphology, structure and function,and provide an aid for scientific cultivation of rice and improving rice yield for decision making. In this paper, a mathematical model of the rice root system is established based...     

Synthetic biology: From the first synthetic cell to see its current situation and future development

Synthetic biology is an emerging field,which,since its birth,has shown great value and potential in many fields including medicine,energy,environment and agriculture.It is also important for the study of the origin and evolution of life.Since the publication of the first synthetic cell in May,2010,synthetic biology again attracts high attention and leads to extensive discussions all over the world.There have been a number of researches and achievements on synthetic biology in the United States and European countries.While in China,so far there is no systematic research on synthetic biology.In order to promote the development of this new discipline in China,we organized this review to systematically introduce the concept and research content of synthetic biology,summarize the achievements,and investigate the current situation in both China and abroad.We also analyzed the opportunities and challenges in synthetic biology,and looked forward to the future development of synthetic biology,especially its future development in China.     

CH4 emission and recovery from municipal solid waste in China

Methane (CH4) is an important greenhouse gas and a major environmental pollutant, second only to carbon dioxide (CO2) in its contribution to potential global wanning. In many cases, methane emission from landfills otherwise emitted to the atmosphere can be removed and utilized, or significantly reduced in quantity by using cost-effective management methods. The gas can also be used as a residential, commercial,or industrial fuel. Therefore, emission reduction strategies have the potential to become low cost, or even profitable. The annual growth rate of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) output in China is 6.24% , with the highest levels found in South China, Southwest China and East China. Cities and towns axe developing quickly in these regions. MSW output was only 76.36 Mt in 1991 and increased to 109.82 Mt in 1997, registering an average increase of 43.8% . In China, methane emission from landfills also increased from 5.88 Mt in 1991 to 8.46 Mt in 1997; so the recovery of methane from landfills is a profitable project.     

Instructions for Authors

About Science Bulletin Science Bulletin(Sci.Bull.,formerly known as Chinese Science Bulletin from 1966 to 2014)is a multidisciplinary academic journal supervised by the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)and co-sponsored by the CAS and the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC).Sci.Bull.is a semi-monthly international journal publishing high-caliber peer-reviewed research on a broad range of natural sciences and high-tech fields on the basis of its originality,scientific significance and whether it is of general interest.In addition,we are committed to serving the scientific community with     

Instructions for Authors

About Science Bulletin Science Bulletin(Sci.Bull.,formerly known as Chinese Science Bulletin from 1966 to 2014)is a multidisciplinary academic journal supervised by the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)and co-sponsored by the CAS and the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC).Sci.Bull.is a semi-monthly international journal publishing high-caliber peer-reviewed research on a broad range of natural sciences and high-tech fields on the basis of its originality,scientific significance and whether it is of general interest.In addition,we are committed to serving the scientific community with immediate,authoritative news and valuable insights into upcoming trends around the globe.     

A Co—expression System Based on Phage and Phagemid to Select Cognate Antibody—antigen Pairs in vivo

A modified selectively-infective phage(SIP) is developed to facilitate the selection of interacting antibody-antigen paris from a large single-chan antibody(scFv)library in vivo.The system is constructed with a modified helper phage M13KO7 and phagemid pCANTAB 5E.The antigen fused to the C-terminal of N1-N2 domain and the scFv to the N-terminal of CT domain of the gIIIp of filamentous phage are encoded on the phage and phagemid vectors respectively.The phages produced by co-transformants restore infectivity via interaction between antigen and antibody fusions in the cell periplasm.In a model system,the scFv fragment of the anti-hemagglutinin 17/9 antibody and its corresponding antigen are detected in the presence of a 10^5 fold excess of a non-interacting cotrol paris,which demonstrates this system to be very sensitive and facile to screen a large single-chain antibody library.     

Risk Assessment Mode of Sale-Leaseback——Based on Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process

Sale-leaseback is paid special focus on for its great application in China in recent years.By giving a detailed analysis,an analysis of the features of sale-leaseback and a study of the risks of it are given in this paper.Then a quantitative analysis of commercial real estate sale-leaseback is carried out.The scientific theoretical analysis is provided in this paper for risk assessment in commercial real estate sale-leaseback mode in China.An effective approach is put forward for sale-leaseback project evaluation and prevention of risk.A useful means is given to supervise commerciai real estate sale-leaseback mode for relevant departments and a certain contribution is made to a further sound development of commercial real estate sale-leaseback mode.     

Technical modifications & management innovations in exporting nuclear reactor projects

As a main channel for the foreign economic cooperation of China nuclear industry, China Zhongyuan Engineering Corporation （CZEC） has been constantly engaged in technical modifications and management innovations in its exporting nuclear reactor projects. In the implementation of heavy water research reactor contract in Algeria, CZEC had established a complete and adequate design standards system in compliance with the international standards, and made significant modifications to the reference reactor in the aspects of reactor power and reactor safety, solved quite some technical issues which＇affected the reactor technical performance. The modifications and improvements enabled the tech- nical parameters, safety features, reactor multipurpose application to attain to the advanced level in the world. In the 300 MWe PWR NPPs in Pakistan, safety features had been updated in line with upgrading regulatory requisites. The design philosophy and technology application demonstrated CZEC＇ s creation and innovation on basis of constant safety enhancement of nuclear power projects. Efforts had also been made by CZEC in promoting China made equipment items and components exportation.     

The first Sinomastodon (Gomphotheriidae, Proboscidea) skull from the Quaternary in China

The first Sinomastodon(Gomphotheriidae,Proboscidea) skull of the Early Pleistocene,collected from the Renzidong Cave deposits in Anhui Province,Eastern China,is described here as S.jiangnanensis sp.nov.As the only brevirostrine trilophodont gomphotheriid known from the Old World,Sinomastodon was mainly indigenous to China from the Early Pliocene to the Pleistocene.Compared with a few single Pleistocene teeth previously found in China,S.jiangnanensis sp.nov.is represented by a relatively complete skull,mandible and dentition,which is the first discovery of a Quaternary Sinomastodon skull from China.With a brevirostrine,elephant-like skull,no lower tusks,and simple bunodont and trilophodont intermediate molars,the new species is morphologically distinct from other gomphotheres and should belong to the genus Sinomastodon.The new species is more progressive than S.hanjiangensis and the Pliocene type species S.intermedius in its skull and mandible morphology,but is evidently more primitive than the Pleistocene S.yangziensis in its molar morphology.The faunal analysis suggests that the emergence of S.jiangnanensis sp.nov.in Jiangnan area and its southward migration may have been related to a cooling event at the beginning of the Quaternary in Eastern China.     

Multiscale characteristics of the rainy season rainfall and interdecadal decaying of summer monsoon in North China

This paper focuses on the rainfall spectrum and its evolution of North China in rainy season with summer monsoon decaying in interdecadal time scale. The interannual component of the rainfall is the dominant part, accounting for 85% of the total variance, and has been changed significantly during the last 30 years. According to wavelet analysis its 5a periodic spectrum suddenly disappeared in the late 1960s, and its biennial oscillation gradually become weaker and weaker since 1970, accompanied by the summer monsoon decaying. Contrarily, the interdecadal component is principal in the summer monsoon over North China and is very similar to the counterpart of the rainfall. Their interdecadal parts are significantly correlated, and the correlation coefficient is nearly equal to the one of the original sequences.Besides, the dry and wet climate alternated with the monsoon abrupt changes in the 1960s and the 1970s over East Asia, apart from North China, climate drifted from a light drought to a severe drought during the past 30 years.     

Impact of land surface degradation in northern China and southern Mongolia on regional climate

Clear evidence provided by the singular value decomposition (SVD) analysis to the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and precipitation data identifies that there exists a sensitive region of vegetation-climate interaction located in the transitional zone over northern China and its surrounding areas, where the vegetation cover change has the most significant influence on summer precipitation over China.““ Comparison of reanalysis data with station data provides a good method to assess the impacts of land use change on surface temperature, and the most obvious contribution of land use change may be to lead to notable warming over northern China in the interdecadal time scale. Based on the new statistical results, a high-resolution regional integrated environmental model system (RIEMS) is employed to investigate the effects of land surface degradation over the transitional zone and its surrounding areas (northern China and southern Mongolia) on the regional climate. Land degradation results in the decreases in precipitation over northern and southern China, and the increase in between, and increased and decreased temperature over vegetation change areas and the adjacent area to the south, respectively. Not only would it change the surface climate, but also bring the significant influence on the atmospheric circulation. Both the surface climate and circulation changes generally agree to the observed interdecadal anomalies over the last five decades. These integrated statistical and simulated results imply that land surface degradation over the transitional zone in northern China and its surrounding areas could be one of the main causes responsible for the climate anomalies over China, especially the drought over northern China.     

The Application of CALL in Higher Vocational College

In recent years,with the rapid development of the informational,the digital and audio-visual technology,multimedia technology and its application have also entered a new development era in people’s life,especially in the academic field.In China,Computer Assisted Language Learning(CALL) has a far-reaching influence on the reforming and modernization of the education,and has brought about a new revolution in foreign language teaching and learning.The study,by means of a self-designed questionnaire,conducted a survey of the application of CALL with 120 English majors and 30 English teachers in a certain higher vocational college which the author works in.The study hopes that,with the help of the technological advantages of CALL and the rich on-line information resources via computers,the students’ study could be carried out in a more effective and convenient way.The results of statistical analysis revealed that,the majority of the students and teachers hold a positive attitude toward CALL application in language teaching and learning,though they have reported some weaknesses of CALL.According to the analysis,the paper attempts to discuss the advantages and the disadvantages of multimedia technology in English teaching and suggests several proposals to better the use of CALL.