Effects of sub-lithospheric small-scale convection with a Newtonian rheology on the seafloor topography and heat flux

Scafloor topography and heat flux show clear dependence on the age of seafloor. A half-space cooling (HSC)model can reproduce seafloor topography and heat flux data for younger seafloor, but for older seafloor the observations show reduced variations with the age in comparison with the HSC model predictions. The deviation was attributed to the sub-lithospheric small-scale (SSC) convection first by Parsons and McKenzie (1978). While there is little doubt that the SSC can enhance heat flux at relatively old seafloor, questions were raised as to whether or not the SSC can actually lead to a reduced topography. In this study, the effects of SSC on scafloor topography and heat flux are investigated by formulating a 2-D thermal convection model that is parallel to plate motion. Instead of using closed boundary conditions,which will bring large pressure effects because of return flow,a flow through boundary condition is adopted. The results show that although the SSC enhances the surface heat flux, it has little effects on topography for the fluids with a more realistic rheology. The reason for this is that the SSC transports the heat from the bottom to the top and cools down the whole fluids, and with the existence of a stagnant lid, the whole effects on topography are negligible.     

岩石层底部切向应力场及地球大地水准面异常

比较了两种不同方法,即Runcorn 方程和地幔对流模型,计算了作用于岩石层底部的切向应力场.讨论了在三种不同的边界模型下,核-幔边界对于地球大地水准面的贡献.结果表明:模型Ⅰ(自由核-幔边界;摩擦岩石层-地幔边界)和模型Ⅲ(刚性核-幔边界,摩擦岩石层-地幔边界)中,核幔边界对于地球大地水准面的贡献随球谐函数系数的增加而减少,在n≥2时可以忽略下边界的影响.而模型Ⅱ(摩擦核-幔边界,自由表面)中下边界影响不容忽视.证明使用Runcorn 方程计算岩石层底部的切向应力场是一个合理的近似.     

Spiral plume structures in turbulent natural convection between two vertical walls

By means of direct numerical simulation, coherent structures are investigated in turbulent natural convection between two vertical differentially heated walls. It is observed that large-scale spanwise vortices and spiral plume structures exist together in the flow. Spiral plume structures appear at the positions with relatively large helicity, large normal vorticity and high fluctuating temperature. In this note, the shape, the characteristics and formation of the spiral structures are studied and compared with those in Rayleigh-Bénard convection. The conditional sampling analysis indicates the main properties of the spiral structures.     

典型竖井内火羽流与自然对流的比较

为深入了解火灾过程的特点,采用大涡模拟方法对火羽流与自然对流引起的典型竖井中的流动进行了数值模拟研究。网格滤波截断的亚格子湍能远小于流场总能量,验证了大涡模拟方法的有效性。竖井内火羽流和自然对流的计算结果与文献给出的实验值总体上符合较好。在此基础上讨论了3种不同开口形式竖井内火灾及加热情况下的内部流场,发现两者在表观上具有一定相似性,但火灾状态下流场湍流更强,卷起的涡团更多,流场温度更高。此外,开口形式亦对竖井内流型产生很大影响。     

Mantle plumes： Why the current skepticism？

The present reappraisal of the mantle plume hypothesis is perhaps the most exciting current debate in Earth science. Nevertheless, the fundamental reasons for why it has arisen are often not well understood. They are that 1） many observations do not agree with the predictions of the original model, 2） it is possible that convection of the sort required to generate thermal plumes in the Earth＇s mantle does not occur, 3） so many variants of the original model have been invoked to accommodate conflicting data that the plume hypthesis is in practice no longer testable, and 4） alternative models are viable, though these have been largely neglected by researchers. Regardless of the final outcome, the present vigorous debate is to be welcomed since it is likely to stimulate new discoveries in a way that unquestioning acceptance of the conventional plume model will not.     

小型足球比赛技术特征分析

通过对小型足球比赛的调查研究，分析了小型足球比赛的技、战术特点，认为与11人制足球比赛相比较，开展小型足球比赛和教学活动更有利于提高队员的技战术水平和培养其足球意识，是培养优秀足球运动员较好方式。     

小型水利工程的施工及管理

简要介绍了灌区概况及工程现状,主要针对小型水利工程“以土为模,砼就地浇筑”的方法,从施工设计、工料投资、施工步骤、质量要求等方面进行了探讨,并提出了今后加强工程管理的几点设想。     

小农经济特征观点的分析与思考

概述了经典作家论小农经济和国内学者关于“自给自足”的主要观点,据此,认为小农经济特征的研究要在方法论上实现突破,加大实证性缺乏的力度,拓宽研究视野、转换审视的角度等。     

人口密度与中国封建小农经济的生成

中国封建小农经济的生成是社会发展中综合因素促成的结果.从被同人学者所忽略的人口密度与生产方式即经济形态的关系来论证，中国从战国以来就已经是一个人口密集的国家;正是这种人口密度大的状况，导致了中国封建社会没有走西欧封建社会那种领主制下的大庄园经济的道路，而是走了中国独特的地主制下的小农户经济的道路.     

四川黑水-台湾花莲断面岩石圈与软流圈结构

运用现代构造解析理论和方法,对四川黑水-台湾花莲人工地震测深剖面与天然地震面波层析成像进行系统分析基础上,结合地质学、地球化学以及其它地球物理学标志等多学科综合研究显示,高速块体或幔块构造的几何结构样式是控制该区岩石圈构造格局和岩石圈表层构造变形最基本条件之一,首次建立起该断面岩石圈与软流圈结构模型,划分出岩石圈四种几何结构样式:克拉通陆根状结构,造山带楔状结构、碎块状结构和藕节状结构,以及岩石圈四类构造演化类型:克拉通型岩石圈、增厚型岩石圈、减薄型岩石圈和大洋型岩石圈.在系统论述断面及邻区岩石圈结构类型特征基础上,探讨了该断面软流圈结构特征、岩石圈与软流圈相互作用及其大陆动力学基本型式.     

华北板块北缘中——-西段早白垩世钾玄岩地球化学特征及对比研究

对内蒙古阿拉善盟苏宏图地区一套早白垩世富钾碱性玄武岩中主量元素和微量元素进行测试, 结果表明: 岩石以富碱(K₂O+Na₂O含量为5.20%~8.92%)、高K₂O/Na₂O比值(0.59~1.03)和高TiO₂ (1.59%~2.05%, 平均1.82%)为主要特征, 为钾玄岩系列。该火山岩富集大离子亲石元素、轻稀土元素及高场强元素, 有微弱的Eu异常(δEu=0.88~1.11)。岩石地球化学特征表明, 华北板块北缘西段的苏宏图组火山岩与中段四子王旗地区及白云鄂博南部的早白垩世火山岩有较大的相似性。苏宏图组火山岩、四子王旗钾玄岩以及白云鄂博南部玄武岩均为钾玄岩系列, 三地火山岩在喷出过程中都较少经历地壳混染作用, Nb和Ta的负异常更可能是古亚洲洋俯冲物质影响的结果。同位素和微量元素分析结果表明, 苏宏图组火山岩与四子王旗钾玄岩源区为被古亚洲洋俯冲板块交代的EMⅠ型富集软流圈地幔, 白云鄂博南部玄武岩富集程度稍弱于其他两地, 但三地源区有相似的演化历史, 都经历了亏损的软流圈地幔交代富集过程。三地火山岩相似的源区演化历史表明, 华北板块北缘中?西段在早白垩世可能有相似的构造运动, 在古亚洲洋闭合后, 晚三叠世南北向挤压缩短, 地壳强烈加厚, 而后下部岩石圈拆沉, 已俯冲的古亚洲洋板块的物质重熔, 对亏损的软流圈地幔进行交代富集, 最终富集的软流圈地幔上涌, 形成沿华北板块北缘中?西段东西向呈线状分布的早白垩世钾玄岩。     

中小企业企业家队伍建设的目标模式

针对我国中小企业企业家队伍建设的目标模式,现代企业家应具备良好的精神素质、广博和专业的知识结构和各种综合能力,以期促进中小企业发展。     

Small-scale area survey and analyses of Xinjiang’s coal field fire in China

In this paper, Xinjiang＇s coal field is selected as the investigation area. Through a series of field surveys in Xinjiang, we made the small-scale area analysis of coal field fire using the ground remote sensing technique, and presented the reasonable evaluation of thermal anomaly conditions of Xinjiang＇s coal field arising from coal self-ignition fires. The results show that the method of small-scale area analysis is available for examining the extinguished actuality of coal fires and detecting fire spots. Therefore, for the selected fire-extlngulshed coal field in Xinjiang, the fire extinguishing effect was effectively analyzed by the means, and the new hidden thermal dangers were sought and diagnosed. For the coal field where the fire has not been extinguished, the utilization of this means approximately identified the severity and range of the fire area, and provided the quantitative and ground references for extinguish engineering.     

Growth and reworking of cratonic lithosphere

To study the thinning of cratonic lithosphere in North China has been the hot subject of basic research in the fields of solid earth science in China. This paper presents an overview on the formation and evolution of continental crust, and outlines the mechanisms of forming the lithospheric mantle. It is suggested that the thinning of cratonic lithosphere principally proceeds in two ways, one by subduction erosion （e.g., North China）, and the other by a combination of subduction erosion and underplating degistion （e.g., Yangtze）.     

榆社县小型农田水利工程现状及发展对策

通过对榆社县小型农田水利工程建设和管理情况的调查,分析了小型农田水利工程存在的问题,探讨了发展小型农田水利工程的对策。     

网络环境下中小型图书馆数字信息资源建设策略研究

系统分析了中小型图书馆数字信息资源建设的影响因素,探讨中小型图书馆建设数字信息资源过程中应采取的策略.     

方腔内混合对流换热的数值研究与模型实验

为研究方腔内混合对流向受迫对流过渡的临界参数,通过数值模拟和模型实验,得到了不同工况下的流场、温度场,并将数值结果与实验结果进行了对比,通过一系列的数值计算,取得了均匀通风方式时混合对流处于受迫对流占优状态、自然对流受到抑制时的特征参数,指出描述方腔内混合对流的特征参数Ｇｒ／Ｒｅｎ中的ｎ不等于２,并发现当自然对流引起的旋涡消失时,自然对流对换热仍有一定的影响。     

基于不同对流下加热系统的数值模拟与实验研究

采用多孔介质导热方程、DO辐射模型以及标准κ-ε湍流模型,建立三维热物理模型。应用有限体积法计算了室内沙疗室气固耦合传热问题。首先在自然对流条件下,即沙疗室不开风扇、处于无风状态时,改变其加热方式,分别为单面加热和双面加热。对比分析不同加热方式下,空气层以及沙体层温度场的变化。其次在双面加热条件下,改变其对流方式,分别为自然对流与强制对流。对比分析不同对流方式下,空气层温度场、速度场的变化,以及沙体层温度场的变化。最后,通过实验加以验证。研究发现强制对流条件下的双面加热能够加快空气热对流速度及沙体传热速度,使沙体层温度分布均匀化,进而提高沙体的传热效率。     

Natural convection gas pendulum and its application in accelerometer and tilt sensor

It is discovered that the natural convection gas has the pendulum characteristic, which leads to the introduction of the new concept of gas pendulum. In this paper, the buoyancy lift of natural convection gas is analyzed in a hermetic chamber, and the relationship between the buoyancy lift and the change of temperature is formulated. The experimental results show that the gas pendulum, similar to the solid pendulum and liquid pendulum, can be utilized to sense the acceleration and the tilt angle.     

Ar-Ar and U-Pb geochronology of Late Paleozoic basalts in western Guangxi and its constraints on the eruption age of Emeishan basalt magmatism

~~Ar-Ar and U-Pb geochronol-ogy of Late Paleozoic basalts in western Guangxi and its constraints on the eruption age of Emeishan basalt magmatism1. GXBGMR (Guangxi Bureau Geological Mineral Resource), Regional Geology of Guangxi, Beijing: Geol. Pub. House, 1985, 1-853. 2. GZBGMR (Guizhou Bureau Geological Mineral Resource), Regional Geology of Guizhou Province, Beijing: Geol. Pub. House, 1987, 1-698. 3. YNBGMR (Yunnan Bureau Geological Mineral Resource), Regional …