黄前库区森林土壤蓄水能力研究

对黄前库区森林主要类型刺槐林和油松林土壤涵蓄降水作用的研究结果表明：森林土壤的渗透性能以刺槐林地最好，阳坡油松林次之，阴坡油松林最差；森林土壤恢复持水，即连续涵蓄降水的能力较强，2h恢复的持水量可相当于20．5～33．2mm的降水；3种森林类型的地表径流量和土壤侵蚀量均表现为阳坡油松林最大，阴坡油松林次之，阳坡刺槐林最小；降雨量越大，地下径流出现的时间越早，高峰期出现的时间越晚；同样降雨量情况下，3种森林类型地下径流和高峰期出现时间均表现为阴坡油松林最晚，阳坡刺槐林次之，阳坡油松林最早。     

苏北海堤防护林冠层截留降水特性研究

对苏北海堤主要防护林类型林冠层降水分配格局及其影响因素的分析结果表明:各林分冠层在降水分配格局方面有较大差异,柳杉林冠层截留率(29.4％)>水杉林(25.7％)>刺槐林(17.5)。透流率则是刺槐林(75.7％)>水杉林(68.2％)>柳杉林(66.0％)。刺槐林和水杉林树干径流率明显高于柳杉林,分别为6.35％、6.1％和4.65％。各林分冠层截留率随降雨量级增大而递减。水杉、刺槐林在落叶期截留率比柳杉林低20％,盛叶期柳杉林与水杉林相近,比刺槐林高10％～15％。另外,在逐步回归分析基础上,筛选出了影响林冠截留的主要降水特性因子,并给出了各林分冠层降水截留量预报模型。     

宁夏六盘山3种针叶林蒸散及其组分特征研究*

为了揭示林分结构对蒸散组分的影响,在2012年5～10月,通过树干液流仪和传统水文学法,对宁夏六盘山华北落叶松人工林、油松人工林和华山松次生林的蒸散及其组分进行对比分析。结果表明:各林分的蒸散量和组分差异较大,华北落叶松林、华山松林、油松林生长季总蒸散量为568.2、413.2、377.6 mm,分别占同期降水量的112.0%、81.5%和74.5%。3种针叶林的林分蒸散在垂直层次上分配比例相似,但各分量所占比例明显不同。生长季内华北落叶松林、华山松林和油松林的林冠截留量分别为177.2、146.8和115.1 mm,占蒸散总量的31.19%、35.53%、30.48%,这主要是受叶面积指数影响(华山松5.16华北落叶松4.78油松3.66);受林分密度影响,林冠蒸腾量为华北落叶松林(209.8 mm)油松林(152.8 mm)华山松林(88.3 mm);灌木层蒸腾量以华山松林最大(106.9 mm),华北落叶松林次之(26.8 mm),油松林最小(24.7 mm),这与人工林林下灌木盖度较低紧密相关;华北落叶松林和油松林的林下蒸散量分别为154.4 mm、102.3 mm,是天然林的2.17倍和1.44倍,与人工林林下地被物接收到更多太阳辐射有关。可以认为,林分结构是导致人工林蒸散量高于天然林的重要因素,选择合理的树种和林分结构是保持区域水资源安全的关键。     

宁夏六盘山3种针叶林蒸散及其组分特征

为了揭示林分结构对蒸散组分的影响,在2012年5～10月,通过树干液流仪和传统水文学法,对宁夏六盘山华北落叶松人工林、油松人工林和华山松次生林的蒸散及其组分进行对比分析。结果表明:各林分的蒸散量和组分差异较大,华北落叶松林、华山松林、油松林生长季总蒸散量为568.2、413.2、377.6 mm,分别占同期降水量的112.0%、81.5%和74.5%。3种针叶林的林分蒸散在垂直层次上分配比例相似,但各分量所占比例明显不同。生长季内华北落叶松林、华山松林和油松林的林冠截留量分别为177.2、146.8和115.1 mm,占蒸散总量的31.19%、35.53%、30.48%,这主要是受叶面积指数影响(华山松5.16华北落叶松4.78油松3.66);受林分密度影响,林冠蒸腾量为华北落叶松林(209.8 mm)油松林(152.8 mm)华山松林(88.3 mm);灌木层蒸腾量以华山松林最大(106.9 mm),华北落叶松林次之(26.8 mm),油松林最小(24.7 mm),这与人工林林下灌木盖度较低紧密相关;华北落叶松林和油松林的林下蒸散量分别为154.4 mm、102.3 mm,是天然林的2.17倍和1.44倍,与人工林林下地被物接收到更多太阳辐射有关。可以认为,林分结构是导致人工林蒸散量高于天然林的重要因素,选择合理的树种和林分结构是保持区域水资源安全的关键。     

3种亚高山森林群落林冠截留量及穿透雨量与降雨量的关系

研究了岷江冷杉林、川滇高山栎林及灌竹林等3种典型亚高山森林群落的林冠截留、穿透雨和径流的月动态变化,分析了林冠截留量、穿透雨量与总降雨量的数量关系.结果表明:川滇高山栎林、灌竹林、岷江冷杉林林冠平均截留量分别为278.2,362.1和353.7mm;林冠平均截留率分别占降雨量的35.77%,46.55%和45.47%.岷江冷杉林径流量为5.9mm,仅占降雨量的0.76%.3种群落穿透雨量分别占降雨量的53.77%,53.45%和64.23%.另外,建立了3种群落类型的穿透雨量、林冠截留量与大气降雨量之间的回归模型,用于定量评价该地区亚高山森林的生态水文效应.     

苏南丘陵区麻栎林冠层水文效应及其影响因素

为探讨苏南丘陵区麻栎林生态水文过程及其影响因素,采用定位观测的方法,于2012年4月至9月对麻栎林的降雨分配过程进行了监测研究。结果表明:研究期内,累计降雨量470.7 mm,平均场降雨量10.0 mm,小雨占据降雨事件的绝大部分,频率达到70.21%。穿透雨量、树干径流量、林冠截留量与降雨量呈极显著正相关关系。根据回归模型确定了林冠部分的持水能力和树干持水能力分别为0.87 mm和0.11 mm,形成树干径流的最小雨量为3.42 mm。林冠截留率与降雨量、降雨强度以及空气湿度有显著的负相关关系。小雨量级下,随月平均叶面积指数的增加各月林冠截留率增大。月平均林冠截留率与叶面积指数有极显著的线性关系。林冠平均截留率为20.48%。     

密云水库流域两种典型人工林枯落物持水特性

通过对密云水库流域油松林和林刺槐林枯落物持水能力测定，结果表明：油松林和刺槐林枯落物现存量为分别为7.11和3.62 t·hm^-2，最大持水量分别为8．227和5．605 t·hm^-2，有效持水量分别为1.193和0．261 t·hm^-2。枯落物吸水量与吸水时间表现出很好的对数关系。     

降雨量级和强度对秦岭油松林林冠截留的影响

2006—2008年生长季,以秦岭中山地带主要植被类型天然次生油松林为对象,采用长期定位观测方法,研究不同降雨量级和降雨强度对林冠截留的影响.结果表明,研究区降雨年度差异较大,干湿季表现明显,各月间分配不均,降雨主要集中在每年的5—10月.低雨量级和小雨强降雨事件频发,但占总降雨量的比重较低;高雨强和大雨量级的暴雨、大暴雨时有发生.2006—2008年林冠平均截留率分别为32.9%、33.0%和33.6%,不同年度间变化不大;单次降雨事件间截留率变幅较大,2006—2008年截留率最小值分别为11.0%、11.4%和7.8%,最大值分别为64.4%、72.5%和74.6%.林冠截留是一个动态变化过程,林冠截留率在不同降雨量级和降雨强度下,存在较大的差异.随着降雨量级或降雨强度的增高,截留率呈递减趋势.降雨强度相同时,截留速率随降雨量的增加而降低;降雨量一定时,截留速率随降雨强度的增高而增高.当降雨量足够大时,平均截留速率越高,林冠达到饱和截留量所需时间越短.随着林冠截留量逐渐接近饱和状态,林冠对大气降雨的截留作用逐渐减弱.     

修正Gash模型在兴安落叶松天然林林冠截留中的应用

为验证修正Gash模型在大兴安岭地区兴安落叶松天然林中的适用性,基于2014年4—10月56场降雨,评价兴安落叶松林冠对次降雨、周累积降雨、季节降雨及年降雨截留量的模拟效果。结果表明:观测期内总降雨量为(289.4±1.66)mm,穿透雨量、树干茎流量和林冠截留量分别占同期降雨总量的75.44%、2.60%和21.95%。林冠截留量的模拟值与实测值分别为65.17 mm和63.53 mm,相对误差为2.58%; 周累计林冠截留量与实测值的相对误差为2.59%; 春、夏、秋季模拟值与实测值相对误差分别为0.71%、3.62%和0.44%。单次降雨林冠截留量只有在降雨量较小情况下,模拟精度较高; 当降雨量增加到12.23 mm时,模拟精度显著降低。据此表明,修正Gash模型对兴安落叶松天然林林冠截留总量的模拟具有较好的适用性,可为研究该地区森林水分循环和利用提供科学简便的方法。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区中间锦鸡儿的生长特征

在黄土丘陵沟壑区选取4种典型的梁峁沟坡生境(即丘顶、阳坡、阴坡、沟底),研究土壤水分特征和中间锦鸡儿的生长特征.结果表明:4个生境土壤含水量分别为阴坡11.2%,沟底7.31%,丘顶7.14%,阳坡4.66%,显著性分析表明,阴坡含水量显著高于其它生境,阳坡显著低于其它生境,丘顶和沟底含水量差异不显著;土壤水分可利用性由难到易依次为阴坡阳坡丘顶沟底.中间锦鸡儿的地上生物量和总生物量均表现为阳坡最大、丘顶和阴坡次之、沟底最小;不同生境中间锦鸡儿生物量资源分配差异显著,表现为阳坡叶生物量分配最大,沟底茎生物量分配最大,丘顶根生物量分配最大;中间锦鸡儿的根系可塑性强,阳坡根系入土最深,丘顶根系水平分布最广,阴坡根系的垂直和水平生长能力均较强.生长特征分析结果表明:中间锦鸡儿在阳坡的生长优于其它生境,由于根系发达能在以砒砂岩为基质的阴坡生长良好.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with