Pd/C催化剂作用下4,4'-二硝基二苯醚的加氢动力学

采用Pd/C催化荆在间歇高压釜中考察了4,4'-二硝基二苯醚(DNDPE)液相催化加氢的反应动力学.在消除内外扩散影响的条件下,通过测定催化加氢过程中DNDPE、4,4'-二氨基二苯(DADPE)浓度随时间的变化关系,获取了DNDPE催化加氢的速率常数等动力学参数,并采用EVIEWS数理统计软件对可能的动力学模型进行数据拟合和参数估计,筛选出一个符合实验结果的动力学模型.根据动力学模型判断在Pd/C催化剂作用下DNDPE的动力学反应中,H原子的吸附为反应控制步骤.     

采用微波加热与共沸精馏分水联合方法合成松香丁酯

利用硫酸作催化剂,在微波加热与共沸精馏分水联合的新型酯化反应装置中合成松香丁酯。最佳反应条件为：正丁醇与松香的摩尔比为6：1、催化剂用量为松香用量的6％、反应时间为120min,微波功率为607．5W。粗产品酸值为52mgKOH／g,产率为92％。     

物料配比对高压釜中萘的异丙基化反应的影响

阐述了萘的异丙基化反应的意义及研究概况,着重分析了物料配比对高压釜中萘的异丙基化反应的影响,得到在0．1L高压釜中的最佳物料配比为：0．0375mol萘／0.1mol异丙醇／10mL 氢化萘／1.5g丝光沸石。实验结果表明,采用高度脱铝丝光沸石为原料,按实验确定的物料配比在高压釜中进行反应,反应温度为250℃,反应时间为3．5h,得到萘的转化率为44．8％,产物的β,β－DIPN的选择性为95．4％,2,6－DIPN的选择性为73．0％,2,6－DIPN／2,7－DIPN的值达到3．25。     

松香胺扩大试验设备和工艺条件的探讨

<正>在松香胺制备试验初报的基础上,本文进一步阐述了松香胺制备扩大试验的工艺流程、反应原理、主要设备及操作方法。对松香胺制备的工艺条件进行了探讨。对松香腈的加氢工艺流程,即釜式加氢与带氢气循环的管式加氢作了对比。结果表明:采用带氢气循环的管式加氢,吸收效率高,生产能力大,适合于松香胺的工业化生产。     

影响加氢合成山梨醇的工艺条件因素

利用强磁力回转搅拌高压釜,通过改变影响加氢反应的工艺条件--反应压力、反应温度、物料PH值、搅拌速度进行实验,以获得最佳生产工艺条件.     

Pd/Al_2O_3 催化合成2,3,5-三甲基氢醌的连续工艺

利用Ｐｄ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂,采用固定床的连续工艺将２,３,５－三甲基苯醌催化加氢得到高纯度的２,３,５－三甲基氢醌．考察了溶剂对加氢反应的影响,并通过实验确定了加氢工艺条件：２,３,５－三甲基苯醌的空速为０．２７ｇ（ｇｈ）－１,氢分压为０．１ＭＰａ,加氢反应温度为５０℃．同时将Ｐｄ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３与Ｐｔ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３的催化性能进行了比较,发现Ｐｄ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂在使用过程中选择性上升．     

改性钨酸铵上歧化松香腈的制备与鉴定

以自制改性钨酸铵为催化剂、歧化松香和氨气为原料,在高压釜内经氨化脱水制备歧化松香腈。以反应产物的酸值和折光率为指标,判断反应是否完全;采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)和傅立叶红外光谱(FT-IR)对反应产物进行了分析鉴定。结果表明,改性钨酸铵上歧化松香氨化反应产物的酸值为1.05 mg KOH.g-1,折射率为1.533 7(ND20),说明氨化反应完全;GC-MS分析共分离出9个峰,鉴定出9种化合物,其中主要产物为脱氢枞腈和8-二氢枞腈,其质量分数分别为63.17%和13.39%;质谱分析证明存在有分子量为281的歧化松香腈的碎片;FT-IR分析显示,在2 230 cm-1处有腈的特征峰—C≡N。     

在Pd/γ-Al2O3催化剂上液相苯加氢的反应动力学

采用Pd／γ-Al2O3催化剂,在排除扩散影响的条件下,研究了液相苯催化加氢制环己烷的反应动力学。实验测定了反应温度、氢气压力、反应物浓度等因素对反应速率的影响,反应温度研究的范围为393～453K,氢气压力为1．1～3．8MPa。研究结果表明,液相苯加氢反应对苯表现为零级,对氢压表现为一级,反应活化能为43．88kJ／mol。运用该动力学模型对在较低苯浓度下进行的加氢反应进行了预测,预测值与实验值能较好地吻合。     

杂多酸催化松香裂解反应及裂解产物组成研究

本文通过研究反应温度、反应时间及催化剂用量对反应进程的影响,对磷钨杂多酸（ＨＰＡ）催化松香裂解反应及反应动力学进行了研究。结果表明：在杂多酸催化剂用量大于０．０５％、反应温度高于１８０℃的条件下,杂多酸可将松香裂解为油状物;经气相色谱／质谱（ＧＣ／ＭＳ）分析证实该产物主要由松香裂解和氧化产生的环烯烃、芳香烃和芳香酮等组成。     

H2O2分解活化能的测控仪器及装置

介绍了H2O2分解反应活化能的测控仪器及装置,对装置的反应容器、加热控制、搅拌及数据计量四个部分进行了重新设计和改进。新的测控装置用于学生实验,实践表明：装置小型简单,升温快（4．5℃／min）,恒温灵敏度较高（±0.2℃）,3．5h内测定3个温度下分解速率常数的所需数据,数据量增加数倍,通过阿累尼乌斯方程进一步处理,得到H2O2分解反应的活化能（64．9kJ／mol）．本实验装置在一个学期的学生实验实际应用中取得了很好的教学效果。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the