Seasonal variation of size-fractionated phytoplankton in the Pearl River estuary

To investigate the dynamics of phytoplankton size structure in the Pearl River estuary, concentrations of size-fractionated chlorophyll a (Chl a) were determined during four cruises carried out in 2008 and 2010. The distribution of Chl a in this geographical location showed a high degree of temporal variation. Chl a concentrations were highest in autumn, approximately three times higher than those in summer and winter. Microphytoplankton was the dominant contributor, accounting for 66.9% of the Chl a concentration in autumn 2008. In summer and spring 2008, nano-sized cells dominated the phytoplankton population throughout the study region. During the winter cruise, two different areas of water were found, characterized by (1) low salinity and high nutrient content and (2) high salinity and low nutrient content; nano- and picophytoplankton co-dominated the first area, while microphytoplankton dominated the second. It is arguable that grazing could have played a role in determining phytoplankton community size structure in winter. Nutrient concentrations were assumed not to limit phytoplankton growth during the investigation period. Size-differential capacity in competing for the resources available under different hydrodynamic conditions seemed to be the major factor in determining seasonal variation in the structure of the phytoplankton communities. High N:P ratios in the Pearl River estuary had major implications for nutrient pollution control. Our results indicated that studies of phytoplankton size structure provide greater insight into phytoplankton dynamics and are necessary to better manage water quality in the Pearl River estuary.     

滇池的水华蓝藻的时空变化

 于2001年9月～2002年7月对滇池水华蓝藻进行了为期1 a的调查研究.结果表明,在滇池中形成水华的是微囊藻属(Microcystis Kutz.)和束丝藻属(Aphanizomenon Morr.).水华蓝藻总数为3 445 000～1 080 800 000 L^-1,年平均为130 866 603 L^-1,占浮游植物细胞总量的66.44%～90.66%.微囊藻属的数量为3 445 000～1 030 800 000 L^-1,年平均为125 174 582 L^-1,占浮游植物总数的35.69%～87.97%,是滇池浮游植物群落的单优势属.束丝藻属的数量为0～50 950 000 L^-1,年平均为5 692 021 L^-1,占浮游植物细胞总数的0.46%～30.75%.水华蓝藻数量的时空分布与微囊藻属一致,7月最高,1月最低;近岸带高于湖心,湖北部高于湖中部高于南部.束丝藻属的数量3月最高,1月最低;湖北部高于南部高于中部.微囊藻水华全年可见,束丝藻属仅在3月形成零星的小面积水华.     

Diatom carbon export enhanced by silicate upwelling in the northeast Atlantic

Diatoms are unicellular or chain-forming phytoplankton that use silicon (Si) in cell wall construction. Their survival during periods of apparent nutrient exhaustion enhances carbon sequestration in frontal regions of the northern North Atlantic. These regions may therefore have a more important role in the 'biological pump' than they have previously been attributed, but how this is achieved is unknown. Diatom growth depends on silicate availability, in addition to nitrate and phosphate, but northern Atlantic waters are richer in nitrate than silicate. Following the spring stratification, diatoms are the first phytoplankton to bloom. Once silicate is exhausted, diatom blooms subside in a major export event. Here we show that, with nitrate still available for new production, the diatom bloom is prolonged where there is a periodic supply of new silicate: specifically, diatoms thrive by 'mining' deep-water silicate brought to the surface by an unstable ocean front. The mechanism we present here is not limited to silicate fertilization; similar mechanisms could support nitrate-, phosphate- or iron-limited frontal regions in oceans elsewhere.     

香溪河库湾春季水华纵向分布对水层结构的响应

为研究三峡水库支流库湾春季水华暴发空间差异及成因,本研究于2010年4月18日对三峡水库干流和香溪河库湾的水动力、营养盐、浮游植物等因子进行了现场监测.结果显示：三峡水库支流春季水华浮游植物生物量及群落结构空间差异较大,库湾中上游暴发了严重的硅藻水华,而下游及三峡水库干流没有水华;库湾中复杂的分层异重流对水温结构产生显著影响,使其呈独特的垂向分层;水温分层纵向差异导致的光混比（Zeu/Zmix）纵向分布差异是引起水华情势和浮游植物群落结构纵向差异的主要原因.研究结果将为三峡水库支流水华机理和防控措施研究提供支撑.     

Detection of methane plumes in the water column of Losatchev hydrothermal vent field, Mid-Atlantic Ridse

During DY105-17 cruise onboard the PJV ＂Da Yang Yi Hao＂ in 2005, methane concentrations in the water column above Logachev hydrothermal vent field were measured by applying stripping/trapping-gas chromatographic （GC） and the distinct methane plumes were detected. Results show that the background methane concentration within the Logachev area is from 1.05 nmol/L to 1.68 nmol/L, significantly higher than the background level of the Atlantic abyssal plain of 0.4-0.5 nmol/L, suggesting that hydrothermal venting is a major source of dissolved methane to the ocean. The highest anomalies of methane concentrations in the water column range from 7.14 nmol/L to 113.9 nmol/L and occur just at 180-500 m above the seafloor. The distribution of methane concentration and the structural characteristics of hydrothermal plumes are strongly influenced by the supply of underlying hydrothermal fluids, the mixing process of ocean bottom currents and the microbial oxidation. Furthermore, the differences in distribution of methane plume between the station MAR-CTD3 and the other stations indicate a probable unknown hydrothermal vent site nearby. There occurs high concentration of methane along with temperature and nephelometry anomalies, which strongly confirms that the subtle measurement of methane concentration in water column is one of the effective ways to locate active sites of hydrothermal venting.     

我国典型湖泊磷浓度对水体指标及蓝藻水华爆发趋势的潜在影响——基于Meta分析

水体富营养化可引发蓝藻水华,对水生态环境和饮用水的安全产生严重危害,揭示蓝藻水华的发生机理和变化规律是防治的基础。基于1989—2019年公开发表的相关研究,提取583对有效数据,利用Meta分析了我国典型湖泊中磷浓度对水体指标及蓝藻水华爆发趋势的影响。结果表明：磷浓度对水体透明度（SD）产生负效应,对溶解氧（DO）含量、高锰酸盐指数（COD_Mn）和叶绿素a （Chla）含量产生正效应。随着磷浓度的增加,上述4种指标呈现不同的变化趋势：磷浓度对DO含量的正效应逐渐转变为负效应,在磷的质量浓度为0.2~0.3 mg/L时负效应最大（亚热带季风气候）;对SD的负效应随磷浓度的增加先增大后略有减小,在磷的质量浓度为0.1~0.2 mg/L时负效应最大;COD_Mn和Chla含量对磷浓度的响应趋势基本相似,在亚热带季风气候条件下,磷的质量浓度分别为0.2~0.3 mg/L和>0.3 mg/L时二者的正效应最大。此外,与温带季风气候地区相比,在磷的质量浓度为0~0.1 mg/L时亚热带季风气候地区的湖泊水质更容易受磷浓度的影响,蓝藻水华爆发的风险相对较高。     

钦州湾茅尾海周年环境因子及浮游植物群落特征

2010年1月、3月、6月及9月,共设14个调查站位对钦州湾茅尾海海域的环境因子及浮游植物的种类组成、优势种类、数量分布和群落多样性进行调查分析。结果茅尾海海区营养盐中POi—P值为0．01～0．07mg／dm^3,DIN值为0．16～O．78mg／dm^3,POi—P值和DIN值均有超4类海水水质标准现象。浮游植物共鉴定出82属,262种,优势种类16种,年平均丰度为6．29×10^4cells／L,生物多样性指数的年平均值为3．87。2010年茅尾海浮游植物种类和数量都比较丰富,种类的季节变化呈现由冬至秋减少的趋势,数量的季节变化比较明显,春季最低,平均密度仅为3．28×10^4cells／L,夏季最高,平均密度为9．25×10^4cells／L。     

Importance of stirring in the development of an iron-fertilized phytoplankton bloom

The growth of populations is known to be influenced by dispersal, which has often been described as purely diffusive. In the open ocean, however, the tendrils and filaments of phytoplankton populations provide evidence for dispersal by stirring. Despite the apparent importance of horizontal stirring for plankton ecology, this process remains poorly characterized. Here we investigate the development of a discrete phytoplankton bloom, which was initiated by the iron fertilization of a patch of water (7 km in diameter) in the Southern Ocean. Satellite images show a striking, 150-km-long bloom near the experimental site, six weeks after the initial fertilization. We argue that the ribbon-like bloom was produced from the fertilized patch through stirring, growth and diffusion, and we derive an estimate of the stirring rate. In this case, stirring acts as an important control on bloom development, mixing phytoplankton and iron out of the patch, but also entraining silicate. This may have prevented the onset of silicate limitation, and so allowed the bloom to continue for as long as there was sufficient iron. Stirring in the ocean is likely to be variable, so blooms that are initially similar may develop very differently.     

Fe3+对铜绿微囊藻生长和光合作用的影响

考察了在0～30000nmol/L浓度范围内，Fe³⁺对铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginosa）的生长、生化组成和光合作用的影响。结果表明，当Fe³⁺浓度小于10nmol/L时，铜绿微囊藻的生长以及叶绿素和蛋白质的合成均受到明显的限制，Fe³⁺浓度达到30000nmol/L时，其生长受到抑制。富铁条件下藻细胞光饱和的光合作用速率（P_m）、暗呼吸速率（R_d）和表观光合作用效率（α）显著大于缺铁条件，而补偿光强（I_c）及饱和光强（I_k）则低于缺铁条件。结果显示，Fe³⁺是铜绿微囊藻生长的重要限制因子。     

Deep carbon export from a Southern Ocean iron-fertilized diatom bloom

Fertilization of the ocean by adding iron compounds has induced diatom-dominated phytoplankton blooms accompanied by considerable carbon dioxide drawdown in the ocean surface layer. However, because the fate of bloom biomass could not be adequately resolved in these experiments, the timescales of carbon sequestration from the atmosphere are uncertain. Here we report the results of a five-week experiment carried out in the closed core of a vertically coherent, mesoscale eddy of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, during which we tracked sinking particles from the surface to the deep-sea floor. A large diatom bloom peaked in the fourth week after fertilization. This was followed by mass mortality of several diatom species that formed rapidly sinking, mucilaginous aggregates of entangled cells and chains. Taken together, multiple lines of evidence-although each with important uncertainties-lead us to conclude that at least half the bloom biomass sank far below a depth of 1,000 metres and that a substantial portion is likely to have reached the sea floor. Thus, iron-fertilized diatom blooms may sequester carbon for timescales of centuries in ocean bottom water and for longer in the sediments.     

磷营养盐对库湾暴发蓝藻水华的实验研究

为了研究三峡库区蓄水后香溪河连续暴发水华进行了室内模拟实验,在实验研究中发现适合铜绿微囊藻生长的磷含量区域为:0.14～0.616 mg/L.通过测量铜绿微囊藻在不同磷含量水体中的生长规律,为预测香溪河是否可能在磷营养盐丰富的条件下暴发铜绿微囊藻水华提供有利的依据.     

广西沿海赤潮多发区高浓度氮磷营养元素来源探讨

【目的】探讨广西沿海赤潮多发区氮磷营养元素的来源,分析广西沿海赤潮发生的影响因素,为预防或减少赤潮灾害发生、保护海洋生态环境提供科学依据。【方法】现场调查以钦州湾海域为研究对象,测定表层海水的溶解态氮(DN)、溶解态磷(DP)含量并分析其分布特征,结合历史资料追溯高浓度DN、DP来源及污染物输运过程。【结果】钦州湾内高浓度DN、DP分布区与入海陆源工业污染排放区不一致,离工业污染区近的地方DN、DP浓度偏低,而离工业污染区远的地方DN、DP浓度反而偏高。【结论】广西主要入海河流各类污染物的增加以及不同的海域通过动力途径输送而来的海水可能是广西沿海赤潮多发区的高浓度氮磷营养元素的主要来源。     

嫩江下游浮游植物群落结构及其影响因子

2011年春季(5月)和夏季(7月),系统调查研究了嫩江下游对浮游植物结构群落组成、丰度的分布特征及与环境因子的关系。10个采样点中共鉴定出浮游植物7门101种及变种,春季和夏季的优势种以硅藻门为主:变绿脆杆藻、尖针杆藻、梅尼小环藻、短线脆杆藻、肘状针杆藻。不同季节各采样点浮游植物生物量在0.03~3.19 mg/L之间,丰度变幅在(0.60~32.40)×105ind./L之间。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')在2.00~3.94之间,Pielou均匀度指数(J')的在0.46~0.98之间,Margalef丰富度指数(d)在1.72~4.89之间。典范对应分析(CCA)表明,水体温度是影响该水域浮游植物分布格局的重要因子,电导率和总磷浓度也对浮游植物的分布有较大的影响。CCA排序图较好显示了浮游植物物种分布和环境因子之间的关系。     

富营养化状态下太湖蓝藻水华气象条件影响的评估

根据2005～2017年太湖流域气象观测数据与同步卫星观测数据分析结果,表明：太湖蓝藻水华在日平均气温为0～35℃的区间内都会出现,高发区间为15.0～35℃,大面积蓝藻水华也多集中在20.0～35℃区间内,33℃以上的高温会产生抑制作用;蓝藻水华在卫星过境前6h平均风速为0.5～3.4 m/s区间内集中出现,占94.7%,89%的大面积蓝藻水华出现在0～2.0 m/s,风向主要影响蓝藻水华的移动和空间分布;降水的影响总体上呈负效应,但大面积蓝藻水华在前24小时有降水的情况下,其中小雨量级（＜10mm）的占比达88%,说明降水的适度扰动可能有利于大面积蓝藻水华形成;日照充足可能有利于蓝藻生长,但并非蓝藻水华形成的必要条件。在上述分析基础上,构建了气象评估多元回归模型,实际值和模拟值拟合的相关系数达0.83,通过了0.001显著性检验,可用于蓝藻水华的定量气象评估,从而为政府防控蓝藻水华提供决策依据。     

夏季东海陆架浮游植物类群结构对不同风场条件的响应分析

为探讨东海的主要物理过程对浮游植物生物量和类群结构的时空分布影响,采用高效液相色谱法分析2006年和2011年夏季东海陆架条件下的浮游植物光合色素的组成及含量,并通过CHEMTAX对浮游植物群落的结构进行分析。结果表明,不同风场条件下东海浮游植物生物量和类群结构均有显著差异。在2006年夏季航次,受弱西北风的控制,长江冲淡水向外延伸面积较大,东海陆架叶绿素a的平均浓度为1 228.6ng/L,主要特征光合色素多甲藻素(Peri)、19-己酰基氧化岩藻黄素(19-hex)、19-丁酰基氧化岩藻黄素(19-but)、玉米黄素(Zea)和二乙烯基叶绿素a(DV-Chl.a)相对较高,浮游植物以硅藻(41%)和甲藻(16%)为主要优势类群;2011年夏季航次,受强东南风影响,底层低温高盐水涌升现象明显,东海陆架叶绿素a(Chl.a)的平均浓度(2 677.9ng/L)比2006年高一倍,叶绿素b(Chlb.)、青绿藻素(Prasino)、新黄素(Neo)和别藻黄素(Allo)等光合色素浓度相对较高,硅藻(60%)在浮游植物群落中占主要优势。     

A massive phytoplankton bloom induced by an ecosystem-scale iron fertilization experiment in the equatorial Pacific Ocean

The seeding of an expanse of surface waters in the equatorial Pacific Ocean with low concentrations of dissolved iron triggered a massive phytoplankton bloom which consumed large quantities of carbon dioxide and nitrate that these microscopic plants cannot fully utilize under natural conditions. These and other observations provide unequivocal support for the hypothesis that phytoplankton growth in this oceanic region is limited by iron bioavailability.     

广西北海凡纳滨对虾养殖池塘叶绿素a和微藻的变化研究

于不同养殖时间,采集广西北海市3口凡纳滨对虾（Litopenaeus vannamei）养殖池塘水样,调查养殖水中叶绿素a浓度和微藻组成。叶绿素a浓度用分光光度三波长法测定,微藻分类计数用镜检法进行,微藻多样性分析用Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou种类均匀度指数和种类优势度指数进行。结果表明,3口池塘叶绿素a的浓度养殖前期低,在10.0μg/L以内,养殖中期增长迅速,养殖后期达到150.0μg/L;微藻细胞密度在养殖前期低于20×106cells/L,养殖后期高于100×106cells/L;微藻多样性指数和均匀度指数皆为养殖前期高,养殖中后期逐渐降低,多样性指数0.98～3.15,均匀度指数0.28～0.82;在养殖前期,微藻的种类较多,优势种是硅藻和绿藻,养殖中后期种类减少,优势种是绿藻、蓝藻和甲藻。     

巢湖总有机碳的春夏季节变化及其与环境因子的关系

文章分析2012年2月至7月对巢湖总有机碳(TOC)的春夏季节变化及空间分布特征,探讨TOC与环境因子(包括水温(WT)、透明度(SD)、溶解氧(DO)、pH值、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、叶绿素a(Chl a)等)之间的关系.结果表明:2012年2月~7月间巢湖TOC的浓度呈逐月递增趋势,7月份达到最大值,浓度范围为37.27~60.98 mg/L.Perason相关分析显示(n=59):巢湖TOC与WT(r=0.617,p0.01)、pH值(r=0.589,p0.01)、TP(r=0.653,p0.01)、Chl a(r=0.659,p0.01)之间均呈显著的正相关,与SD(r=-0.462,p0.01)呈显著负相关,与DO和TN没有相关性.     

The decline and fate of an iron-induced subarctic phytoplankton bloom

Iron supply has a key role in stimulating phytoplankton blooms in high-nitrate low-chlorophyll oceanic waters. However, the fate of the carbon fixed by these blooms, and how efficiently it is exported into the ocean's interior, remains largely unknown. Here we report on the decline and fate of an iron-stimulated diatom bloom in the Gulf of Alaska. The bloom terminated on day 18, following the depletion of iron and then silicic acid, after which mixed-layer particulate organic carbon (POC) concentrations declined over six days. Increased particulate silica export via sinking diatoms was recorded in sediment traps at depths between 50 and 125 m from day 21, yet increased POC export was not evident until day 24. Only a small proportion of the mixed-layer POC was intercepted by the traps, with more than half of the mixed-layer POC deficit attributable to bacterial remineralization and mesozooplankton grazing. The depletion of silicic acid and the inefficient transfer of iron-increased POC below the permanent thermocline have major implications both for the biogeochemical interpretation of times of greater iron supply in the geological past, and also for proposed geo-engineering schemes to increase oceanic carbon sequestration.     

北海营盘马氏珠母贝养殖海域春秋季水化学环境参数变化特征

于2008年9月21日和2009年4月12日对北海营盘青山头马氏珠母贝(Pinctada martensii Dunker)养殖区进行春、秋两季水化学要素调查与测定。结果显示,营盘青山头南珠养殖区水质良好,各水化学要素符合海水水质二类标准;秋季活性硅酸盐与盐度成显著正相关(r=0.828),无机磷与pH值、活性硅酸盐与溶解氧、无机磷与叶绿素a都有较高的正相关趋势,春季营养盐与各环境因子的相关关系不显著;春季N、P和秋季N、P、Si含量持平或高于浮游植物摄食的最低阈值,其中秋季Si含量丰富;春、秋两季氮磷比平均值分别为7.0和5.5,均以氮为浮游植物摄食的限制因子;营盘马氏珠母贝养殖区的无机氮以氨氮的存在为主要形式,春、秋两季氨氮所占无机氮含量的比例最高,分别为56.6%和74.4%。