鲫鱼鱼体的化学组成和能量密度 (动物科学)

2012年6月于重庆市北碚区歇马养殖场采集鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)31尾,体质量(W)范围3.0～284.8g,体长(L)范围5.5～22.6cm,分为4个体长组,测定了鱼体化学组成,估算了能量密度。结果表明,鲫鱼含水量(WAT)、蛋白质含量(PRO)、脂肪含量(FAT)和灰分含量(ASH)占鱼体鲜重的百分比范围分别为68.58%～78.99%、7.81%～18.87%、0.55%～9.11%和3.25%～6.59%,能量密度(E)范围为2.06～7.68kJ·g-1。体质量与脂肪含量和能量密度的关系可分别描述为方程:FAT=0.025 6 W+1.59(R2=0.561,n=31,p<0.01)和E=0.010 2 W+3.94(R2=0.395,n=31,p<0.01);含水量与脂肪含量和能量密度的关系可分别描述为方程:FAT=-0.855 WAT+67.5(R2=0.753,n=31,p<0.01)和E=-0.380 WAT+33.1(R2=0.662,n=31,p<0.01)。研究提示可以用体质量和含水量估测鲫鱼的脂肪含量和能量密度;随着个体体质量的增加,水分和脂肪之间存在近等比例的替代。     

鲫鱼鱼体的化学组成和能量密度

2012年6月于重庆市北碚区歇马养殖场采集鲫鱼(Carassius auratus) 31尾,体质量(W)范围3.0～284.8 g,体长(L)范围5.5～22.6 cm,分为4个体长组,测定了鱼体化学组成,估算了能量密度.结果表明,鲫鱼含水量(WAT)、蛋白质含量(PRO)、脂肪含量(FAT)和灰分含量(ASH)占鱼体鲜重的百分比范围分别为68.58％～78.99％、7.81％～18.87％、0.55％～9.11％和3.25％～6.59％,能量密度(E)范围为2.06～7.68 kJ· g-1.体质量与脂肪含量和能量密度的关系可分别描述为方程:FAT=0.025 6W+1.59 (R2=0.561,n=31,p＜0.01)和E=0.010 2W+3.94(R2 =0.395,n=31,p＜0.01);含水量与脂肪含量和能量密度的关系可分别描述为方程:FAT=-0.855WAT+ 67.5(R2=0.753,n=31,p＜0.01)和E=-0.380WAT+33.1(R2 =0.662,n=31,p＜0.01).研究提示可以用体质量和含水量估测鲫鱼的脂肪含量和能量密度;随着个体体质量的增加,水分和脂肪之间存在近等比例的替代.     

铜鱼鱼体的化学组成及能量密度

于2007年9月在长江木洞江段采集铜鱼31尾,体长(L)范围为9.2～32.0 cm,体质量(W)范围为11.3～504.0 g,分为4个体长组,分别测定了鱼体化学组成,估算了能量密度.结果表明,铜鱼灰分含量(ASH)、蛋白质含量(PRO)、脂肪含量(FAT)和含水量(WAT)以其占体质量的百分比表示,范围分别为2.35%～5.20%、13.79%～19.69%、1.24%～19.32%和61.63%～80.69%;能量密度(E)范围为4.02～11.39 kJ·g1.体质量与脂肪含量和能量密度的关系可描述为方程FAT=2.504+0.03W(R2=0.674,P<0.01)和E=4.877+0.012W(R2=0.644,P<0.01);含水量与脂肪含量和能量密度的关系可描述为方程FAT=80.03-1.01WAT(R2=0.926,P<0.01)和E=37.60-0.43WAT(R2=0.963,P<0.1).研究提示可以用铜鱼的体质量和含水量估测其脂肪含量和能量密度,个体较大的铜鱼大量贮存脂肪可能与其繁殖活动有关.     

圆筒吻鮈的年龄生长及鱼体的化学组成和能量密度

2010年10月于长江木洞江段采集圆筒吻鮈Rhinogobio cylindricus 107尾,其中1～4龄雌鱼67尾,1～3龄雄鱼40尾,分别测定鱼体脊椎骨轮径、化学组成及能量密度.随着年龄的增加,圆筒吻鮈雌鱼、雄鱼鱼体体长和体质量的特定生长率(SGR)均呈下降趋势,而其肥满度变化趋势不明显.同龄组圆筒吻鮈雌、雄鱼之间各化学组成没有显著差异.其总样本的含水量(WAT)、脂肪质量分数(FAT)、蛋白质质量分数(PRO)、灰分质量分数(ASH)和能量密度(E)的平均值范围分别为68.07%～70.27%,10.43%～11.87%,11.58%～15.65%,3.19%～3.36%和7.61～8.36kJ/g;鱼体含水量随年龄增加呈下降趋势,1龄组鱼蛋白质质量分数显著低于其他3组,4龄组鱼能量密度显著高于其他3组,而脂肪质量分数和灰分质量分数在各年龄组之间差异不显著.蛋白质质量分数与体长和体质量的关系式为PRO=0.331L+8.344(r=0.66,n=107,p<0.05)和PRO=0.026 2 M+12.119(r=0.58,n=107,p<0.05);脂肪质量分数和能量密度与含水量存在显著负线性关系,得到方程FAT=-0.910 WAT+74.31(r=0.82,n=107,p<0.05)和E=-0.378WAT+34.10(r=0.97,n=107,p<0.05).通过讨论认为该种鱼较高的脂肪质量分数与其活动范围小、身体消耗量小及全年不停食的生活习性相关.     

饥饿对尼罗罗非鱼幼鱼粗化学成分的影响 (动物科学)

为讨论尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)幼鱼的鱼体化学成分和能量密度随饥饿时间延长的变化规律,2010年1月采集初始体质量为(3.61±0.13)g的尼罗罗非鱼幼鱼40尾,以饥饿处理0 d为对照,将饥饿处理8、15、22和45 d分为4个组,分别测定所有材料的鱼体化学成分,估算了能量密度。结果表明,随饥饿时间(t)天数的延长,尼罗罗非鱼幼鱼的蛋白质含量(PRO)、脂肪含量(FAT)和能量密度(E)降低,可以分别描述为方程PRO=14.727e-0.006 5 t(r2=0.707,n=37,p<0.05)、FAT=2.295 5e-0.036 6 t(r2=0.552,n=37,p<0.05)和E=4.478 1e-0.011 3 t(r2=0.694,n=37,p<0.05);随饥饿时间(t)天数的延长,含水量(WAT)和灰分含量(ASH)升高,可以分别描述为方程WAT=76.1969 e0.001 3 t(r2=0.566,n=37,p<0.05)和ASH=4.467 8 e0.008 3 t(r2=0.729,n=37,p<0.01);PRO、FAT和E均分别与WAT呈显著的负线性关系,可以分别描述为方程PRO=61.969 9-0.625 1WAT(r2=0.740,n=37,p<0.05)、FAT=47.908 8-0.593 8 WAT(r2=0.899,n=37,p<0.05)和E=33.548 9-0.382 1 WAT(r2=0.955,n=37,p<0.05)。研究认为该种鱼在饥饿初期大量消耗脂肪,并随着饥饿时间的延长,净耗量逐渐减少,同时在整个饥饿过程消耗蛋白质。     

沱江富顺段鲤鱼、鲫鱼和大眼鳜的化学组成及能量密度

2013年10月于四川省自贡市长江支流沱江富顺段采集鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)、鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)、大眼鳜(Siniperca kneri)等3种鱼共60尾,分别测定鱼体化学组成,估算能量密度。结果表明:3种鱼的脂肪含量平均值分别为3.24%、4.13%和2.78%,蛋白质含量平均值分别为16.96%,16.28%,17.27%,水分含量平均值分别为75.42%,74.05%,74.06%,能量密度的平均值分别为5.28,5.47,5.18kJ·g-1;3种鱼水分含量(CWAT鲤,CWAT鲫,CWAT鳜)与各自的能量密度(E鲤,E鲫,E鳜)的回归方程分别为:E鲤=-0.368 9CWAT鲤+33.081,(r2=0.799 6,n=30,p0.01);E鲫=-0.308 4CWAT鲫+28.304,(r2=0.823 5,n=13,p0.01);E鳜=-0.385 5CWAT鳜+33.729,(r2=0.882 5,n=17,p0.01)。统计分析表明鲫鱼的体长与蛋白质含量、脂肪含量和能量密度呈显著的正线性关系(p0.05),而鲤鱼和大眼鳜的体长与它们均无线性关系。3种鱼的水分含量分别与蛋白质含量、脂肪含量和能量密度均呈显著的负线性关系(p0.01)。研究结果表明,采用3种鱼的水分含量估算各自蛋白质含量、脂肪含量和能量密度是可行的。     

沱江富顺段鲤鱼、鲫鱼和大眼鳜的化学组成及能量密度

2013年10月于四川省自贡市长江支流沱江富顺段采集鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)、鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)、大眼鳜(Siniperca kneri)等3种鱼共60尾,分别测定鱼体化学组成,估算其能量密度。结果表明：3种鱼的脂肪含量平均值分别为3.24%、4.13%和2.78%,蛋白质含量平均值分别为16.96%,16.28%,17.27%,水分含量平均值分别为75.42%,74.05%,74.06%,E的平均值分别为5.28,5.47,5.18 kJ·g-1;3种鱼水分含量(CWAT鲤,CWAT鲫,CWAT鳜)与各自的能量密度(E鲤,E鲫,E鳜)的回归方程分别为：E鲤=-0.368 9CWAT鲤+33.081,(r2=0.799 6,n=30,p<0.01);E鲫=-0.308 4CWAT鲫+28.304,(r2=0.823 5,n=13,p<0.01);E鳜=-0.385 5CWAT鳜+33.729,(r2=0.882 5,n=17,p<0.01)。统计分析表明鲫鱼的体长与蛋白质含量、脂肪含量和能量密度呈显著的正线性关系(p<0.05),而鲤鱼和大眼鳜的体长与它们均无线性关系。3种鱼的水分含量分别与蛋白质含量、脂肪含量和能量密度均呈显著的负线性关系(p<0.01)。研究结果表明,采用3种鱼的水分含量估算各自蛋白质含量、脂肪含量和能量密度是可行的。
     

南方鲇幼鱼鱼体的含能量及化学组成

测定了23尾在实验室条件下(25℃)喂养30d的南方鲇幼鱼(终体重86.0～307.9g)。结果表明,比能值Q、蛋白质含量ω(PRO)、脂肪含量ω(FAT)随日粮水平的升高而增加,水分含量ω(WAT)则随之下降,除灰分外各指标均与日粮水平呈显著的负线性相关。因此,以水分含量为自变量间接估计比能值及蛋白质、脂肪含量的方法简易可行,具有一定的可靠性。     

鲇鱼形态特征参数与体长关系及变异分析

本研究对嘉陵江鲇鱼(Silurus asotusL innaeus)形态特征参数测量分析后发现:鲇鱼的头长、体高、臀鳍长、臀鳍高和尾鳍高均随体长的增加呈线性增加;而体重、口裂宽和尾鳍长随体长增加呈指数上升。根据各参数与体长相应拟合方程计算得到去除体长影响后的各参数值,并对各参数值间的相关关系分别进行回归分析,结果表明:头长和口裂宽呈正相关(r=0.703,p<0.001);体高与头长(r=0.366,p<0.05)和口裂宽(r=0.392,p<0.05)也呈正相关;而体重分别与体高(r=0.560,p<0.001)、头长(r=0.532,p<0.001)和口裂宽(r=0.363,p<0.05)呈正相关,与臀鳍长则呈负相关(r=-0.421,p<0.05);依变异系数由大到小排列,各形态特征参数依次分别为:体重(2.01)、臀鳍高(1.64)、头长(1.62)、尾鳍高(1.60)、口裂宽(1.57)、体高(1.28)、尾鳍长(1.27)和臀鳍长(0.87)。     

113份冬性六倍体小黑麦种质籽粒营养品质评价

种质资源是作物遗传改良的重要基础。籽粒品质是评价小黑麦品种优劣并决定其利用方式的重要依据。本文以来自亚洲、欧洲及美洲共15个国家的113份冬性六倍体小黑麦种质为材料，对2个年度收获的成熟籽粒的淀粉、支链淀粉、直链淀粉、干物质、灰分及蛋白质含量进行了分析。结果表明：这113份冬性小黑麦种质籽粒的淀粉、支链淀粉、直链淀粉、干物质、灰分及蛋白质含量变异范围分别在54.23%～66.93%、39.99%～48.59%、17.37%～20.31%、90.71%～91.81%、10.75%～19.33%与13.02%～20.27%,其变异系数在0.17%～12.19%之间，其中干物质含量变异系数最小，灰分含量变异系数最大。方差分析显示，亚洲、欧洲及美洲的六倍体小黑麦品种的籽粒品质间存在显著差异。6个小黑麦籽粒品质指标的多样性指数在1.993～2.065之间。小黑麦籽粒的淀粉与支链淀粉含量(r=0.958)、直链淀粉含量(r=0.887)、灰分含量(r=0.401)间均呈极显著正相关关系，而与蛋白含量呈显著的负相关。经主成分分析可将6个小黑麦籽粒品质性状综合为2个主要成分，即以支链淀粉含量为代表的淀...     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the