企业战略研究方法论的综合集成与创新——概念框架与初步的理论假设

基于系统概念与系统方法论的新进展 :系统隐喻、系统方法论的系统体系及“全面系统干预”,提出了对企业战略各学派的研究方法论 (简称企业战略研究方法论 )综合集成与创新的总思路、概念框架及初步的理论假设 ,以克服企业战略研究方法论在实践中遇到的困难.     

Tracking the development of the Emery-Trist systems paradigm (ETSP)

This paper is written to accomplish two objectives: first, to introduce the Emery-Trist systems paradigm to the critical systems thinking, a largely neglected and under-utilized paradigm; second using a critical systems thinking framework, to provide a rational justification in an attempt to track the developments in the ETSP so that an extended heuristic map is offered to the scholars interested in the Emery-Trist systems paradigm. Four tracks within ETSP are identified and analyzed to produce a liberation theme that has not previously been articulated. The liberation theme imminent in all four tracks of the paradigm development denotes the value and the promise of the ETSP to the critical systems thinking community as well as to other systems thinkers.An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 34th meeting of the International Society for Systems Science, Portland, Oregon, in July 1990.     

Complexity and intransitivity in technological development

This paper investigates the existence of a fundamental link between two disciplines that emerged during last few decades： complexity science and advanced engineering. During this time many industries, especially those related to the high-tech end of technological development, have faced the problem of increasing complexity of design, production and operation. Industrial projects have grown to become multidisciplinary, tightly interconnected, costly and difficult to control and predict. Two trends can be identified in this respect： one is the consistent effort of systems engineering in reducing the uncertainties of complex industrial operations and the other is the effort undertaken in complexity studies to account for uncertainties present in the real world.
In this work, we provide a brief overview of recent developments in advanced engineering and give a consistent interpretation of technological evolution from the perspective of complexity science in general and complex competitive systems （CCS） in particular. CCS is a general framework that was recently developed for analysis of complex systems involving competition. Transitivity of the decision-making process and the cyclic nature of technological progress are considered. Correctness of intransitive decisions is inherently relativistic： the same decisions can be seen as correct or incorrect when considered from different perspectives. When treated simplistically, intransitivity may seem to be illogical but, nevertheless, it is common in nature and needs to be studied. CCS provides a formalised scientific framework for analysis of intransitivity and establishes the existence of an important connection linking complexity and uncertainty with intransitivity. Implications of intransitivity for engineering decision-making and strategic planning are considered in the context of CCS. A working example of intransitivity in competition between major car mantifacturers is presented.     

人口问题与人工社会方法:人工人口系统的设想与应用

提出利用人工社会的思想，结合复杂系统的理论和方法，建立人工人口系统以及相应的人口计算试验手段和人口管理平行系统的设想。主要工作包括人工人口系统的基本框架，计算试验与人口政策的评估、平行系统与人口的控制与管理，以及基本综合集成研讨厅的实现方式。     

体系作战效能评估与优化方法综述

分析了体系作战效能评估与优化的特点,基于“整体论”提出了将体系作战效能评估与优化划分为综合评估、分析、优化3个阶段的思路,针对3个阶段需要解决的实际问题,归纳总结了适用于解决各阶段问题的典型方法,并对比分析了不同方法的优缺点。针对“整体论”思想指导下体系作战效能评估与优化在实施中面临的实际困难,从综合应用框架设计、评估指标体系构建、试验推演模式创新等方面提出了下一步的研究方向,为体系作战效能评估与优化方法的有效落地提供了支撑。     

Systems thinking,systems practice,and practical philosophy: A program of research

IfSystems Practice is to serve the cause of socially rational decision making, its understanding of systems approach must open itself up to the communicative dimension of rational practice uncovered by contemporary practical philosophy. This programmatic paper argues that building the bridge between the two traditions of systems thinking and practical philosophy is a key challenge to be faced by the systems community. A three-level framework of rational systems practice is suggested as a point of departure for a program of research.     

系统方法论与唯物辩证法

唯物辩证法在当代的持续发展 ,不断得到系统论研究成果的有力支持。当代系统论丰富了唯物辩证法的诸多基本观点     

人工交通系统的基本思想与框架体系

阐述了人工交通系统的基本思想。从分析人工交通系统与仿真交通系统的差异和关系入手，提出了人工交通系统的基本系统构成和框架、主要建模和研究方法，以及分析手段和可能的应用方式。人工交通系统的主要研究手段包括基于代理的方法与编程技术、Petri网及其衍生模型、复杂系统的语言动力学描述、元胞自动机及其广义形式，以及模糊逻辑、神经元网、遗传演化程序和自然计算在内的计算智能方法。此外，还提出了将计算试验方法和并行系统方法用于交通研究的可能途径和效果，并讨论了有关人工交通系统研究中可能出现的问题和进一步的发展方向。     

基于HLA的兵器靶场协同仿真框架设计

由于武器系统越来越复杂,武器研制过程中的试验费用日益高昂.兵器靶场迫切需要用仿真手段进行靶场试验以提高试验效益.通过对兵器靶场仿真技术发展现状和技术需求进行分析,指出武器系统的仿真试验涉及多个子系统和多个学科领域,提出把协同仿真技术应用于靶场试验.在对协同仿真技术进行分析比较后,设计出了基于HLA的兵器靶场协同仿真平台的框架,并对各组成部分的功能进行了详细阐述,最后总结出了实现协同仿真工具集成的若干方法.     

Systems Practice in China: New Developments and Cross-Cultural Collaborations

This short paper introduces a special issue of Systemic Practice and Action Research on new developments in Chinese systems practice. It focuses on the recent history of systems thinking in China, describing a paradigm shift that is currently taking place from an "objectivist" to a more pluralistic stance. Details are provided of the Hull–Beijing research program, which has contributed to this paradigm shift. In one way or another, all the papers in this special issue can be seen as having a connection with this research program.     

A critique of hierarchy theory

In our zeal to apply models successfully, failures of the model are often overlooked. A model may be used for quite some time before its success is questioned or before the model fails to be applied successfully. Since hierarchy theory has been deemed successful in the systems field, it is necessary and appropriate to critique the development and application of hierarchy theory using the framework presented inCreative Problem Solving (Flood and Jackson, 1992). That framework proposes a critique that uses the four areas of theory, utility, ideology, and methodology in reviewing a systems theory. It is important to examine hierarchy theory through the analytical filter of critical systems thinking if we are genuinely to understand what hierarchy theory has to offer systems thinking in the exploration of complex situations.     

Study on Variation of Parameters Formula and Stability for Impulsive Time－Delay Nonlinear Large Scale Systems

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Toward Fostering Systems Learning in Organizational Contexts

This article explores the ways in which the process of systems learning can be nurtured in organizational contexts. I posit that in order to mobilize systems learning at the individual, group, and organizational levels, an integrated, holistic approach must be pursued. It is suggested that the challenge of not only teaching the systems thinking concepts but also using their actual applications in practice is more than just an issue of pedagogical improvement. The cultural and material issues integral to the use of systems thinking must be taken into consideration as well. I argue that our efforts to improve our pedagogical practices to foster systems learning in organizational contexts can benefit from the social constructivist perspective, which represents a system of ideas about learning. The qualities of systems pedagogy resided in social constructivism are proposed as a framework to think with in designing the meaningful systems learning activities. This article also discusses how to create the cultural and material environments in which the process of systems learning can be nurtured.     

A Framework of Value-Focused Systems Thinking

Values and value judgments should be tackled explicitly and directly in theory and practice. To do so, systems intervention as a communication process has to be designed in pursuit of the systemic and critical cause. This paper proposes a framework of value-focused systems thinking. The interdependence of values and techniques, and the theory of communicative competence, are briefly discussed as philosophical underpinnings. A methodology is outlined consisting of a reconstruction, judgment, and action cycle revolving around communication design.     

Revisiting the similar process to engineer the contemporary systems

This paper addresses the present-day context of Systems Engineering, revisiting and setting up an updated framework for the SIMILAR process in order to use it to engineer the contemporary systems. The contemporary world is crowded of large interdisciplinary complex systems made of other systems, personnel, hardware, software, information, processes, and facilities. An integrated holistic approach is crucial to develop these systems and take proper account of their multifaceted nature and numerous interrelationships. As the system’s complexity and extent grow, the number of parties involved (stakeholders and shareholders) usually also raises, bringing to the interaction a considerable amount of points of view, skills, responsibilities, and interests. The Systems Engineering approach aims to tackle the complex and interdisciplinary whole of those socio-technical systems, providing the means to enable their successful realization. Its exploitation in our modern world is assuming an increasing relevance noticeable by emergent standards, academic papers, international conferences, and post-graduate programmes in the field. This work aims to provide “the picture” of modern Systems Engineering, and to update the context of the SIMILAR process model in order to use this renewed framework to engineer the challenging contemporary systems. The emerging trends in the field are also pointed-out with particular reference to the Model-Based Systems Engineering approach.     

A Systemic Development of the Interrogative Pronouns and Adverbs

This paper is about the questions used to design two large-scale organizational systems. It is thought that for these questions to be asked in a systematic manner they need to be drawn from some explicit framework. The most common framework for creating questions in the English language is the interrogative pronouns and adverts, more commonly known as Kipling’s six honest serving men. This paper re-visits these pronouns and adverbs drawing on a range of literatures to establish them into a coherent framework for designing and implementing the two large-scale projects. The paper is structured using the nodes in Checkland’s LUMAS model. It concludes with a systematically developed Interrogative Pronouns and Adverbs Framework that is worthy of further research and application.     

System dynamics as a systems-based problem-solving methodology

Systems dynamics is concerned with using systems ideas to increase understanding of various types of phenomena and to aid in the decision-making which determines action upon the processes involved. Developments within system dynamics have occurred mainly independently of advances in the broader systems movement. In this paper an attempt is made to bring to bear on system dynamics some recent work which considers the character of systems-based problem-solving methodologies. System dynamics is placed within a framework which enables the relative strengths and weaknesses of different approaches to be identified. This leads to a deeper understanding of some of the critiques of system dynamics and enables some issues to be outlined which may help to strengthen the theoretical base of system dynamics methodology and hence improve its ability to tackle practical situations.     

System of systems approach to policy development for global food security

<正>A formal policy development framework,based on a system of systems(SoS) approach,is synthesized to systematically address,in an integrative and adaptive fashion,major global challenges, such as the current food and financial crises,and their interactions with other key natural,societal,and technological systems.A SoS approach seeks to respect the different value systems of multiple participants,to harness complexity through effective integration,and to engage the world of uncertainty and unpredictability with an adaptive response.Faced with the present global challenges, what is needed are strategic and operational methods which lead to ethical policies,enhance integrative and adaptive management practices,and are able to direct conflict resolution in a positive direction. Policy makers need tools to model and analyze complex systems which they are trying to responsibly govern,taking into account values and risks to design and evaluate different policies.A preliminary investigation into the global food system is undertaken to understand the SoS and to provide insights on how to carry out policy development using the proposed framework.     

基于Agent的建模与仿真设计模式及软件框架

提出了一种基于Agent的建模与仿真设计模式——ABMS设计模式，阐述了ABMS设计模式的主要内容。该模式的提出有利于在建模与仿真领域以及软件开发界之间建立关于ABMS的对话联系与交流。然后设计了一种包含仿真服务模型和Agent仿真模型的ABMS分布仿真软件框架，该框架将最大限度实现仿真重用，并将支持大规模的基于Agent的复杂系统的分布仿真，包括军事对抗以及空间作战系统的仿真。该框架部分借鉴了HLA的思想，其中的ServerAgent提供底层的通用仿真服务。     

武器装备体系的体系结构与体系效能

武器装备体系的体系结构是武器装备体系构成的依据,可以用组成元素和结构要素两方面表示。其中,组成元素可划分成传感器类装备、指挥控制类装备、通信类装备和行动类武器装备四类;结构要素可分成武器装备系统组成、指挥控制结构、通信网络结构、编配与部署四个方面。根据对体系结构的分析和体系对抗过程,建立了体系效能的数学模型。应用案例说明了方法的可行性与有效性。