渭河下游平滩流量的预测

黄河支流渭河下游平滩流量大幅度减小,严重威胁下游防洪排涝。为掌握平滩流量的调整规律,建立了适用于渭河下游华县站的平滩流量计算方法。华县水文站的实测资料分析表明:平滩流量的调整受到上游来水来沙条件和下游侵蚀基准面(潼关高程)的共同影响。综合考虑上游汛期平均流量、汛期平均来沙系数、洪峰流量及潼关高程的影响,应用平滩流量滞后响应模型,建立平滩流量的计算方法。结果表明:该方法计算值与实测值符合很好,计算精度较高。     

近30年黄河下游游荡段平滩面积及流量变化特点

上游水库蓄水拦沙运用会引起坝下游河流水沙条件的改变,导致坝下游平滩河槽形态与过流能力发生调整,给防洪规划、滩岸土地利用等带来了一系列影响.利用黄河下游游荡段1986～2016年水沙及断面地形等实测资料,分析了小浪底水库运用前后断面及河段尺度平滩面积及流量的变化特点,建立了河段平滩面积及流量与水沙条件的经验关系.计算结果表明:1986～2016年,游荡段平滩面积及流量总体均呈现出先逐渐减小再增加的趋势;综合考虑汛期及非汛期水沙条件对河床形态及过流能力调整的重要影响,游荡段平滩面积及流量:(1)与前期4年等权重平均的汛期及非汛期水流冲刷强度之间拟合关系较好,决定系数R~2分别为0. 926和0. 901;(2)与汛期及非汛期的水沙条件均呈正相关关系,其中平滩面积对汛期平均水流冲刷强度的变化更为显著,而平滩流量对汛期与非汛期平均水流冲刷强度变化都较为明显;(3)与前期4年非等权重的汛期及非汛期水流冲刷强度之间拟合关系也较好,R~2分别为0. 929和0. 906;(4)与非等权重计算相比,等权重计算的经验关系式已经达到一个较高的精度,且计算过程简便,因此便于实际应用.     

黄河下游平滩流量驱动与响应模型

为研究冲积河流平滩流量的变化规律,以黄河下游1950—2007年实测水沙及平滩流量数据为基础,根据量纲和谐原理,建立了反映冲积性河流河床演变规律的驱动与响应模型。对驱动与响应模型中水沙驱动力进行了小波分解;通过小波方差求极值的方法,确定了水沙驱动力的主要时间尺度;并利用主要时间尺度下对应的周期函数代替了驱动与响应模型中的水沙驱动力。进而通过积分运算得出平滩流量驱动与响应模型的解析解。结果表明:黄河下游水沙驱动力具有4—5a和19—20a主要时间尺度;应用到黄河下游5个主要测站具有较好的计算结果。     

渭河下游平滩流量影响因子相关分析

渭河是黄河最大的支流,渭河下游河道主槽的严重萎缩和平滩流量的大幅度减小,严重威胁下游的防洪排涝.由于渭河下游非汛期来水来沙较少,因而对于平滩流量的计算,人们都忽略了非汛期水沙条件变化、潼关高程对汛后平滩流量的影响.近年来,随着汛期来水来沙量的减少,非汛期来水来沙条件对平滩流量的影响逐渐增大.本文运用人工神经网络方法,分别建立渭河下游华县站汛期和非汛期来水来沙条件等影响因子与平滩流量的人工神经网络模型,结果显示:当平滩流量计算中加入非汛期来水来沙、潼关高程等影响因子后,计算精度有大幅提高,且平均相对误差有所减小,平滩流量的计算更加准确.     

黄河口尾闾河道横断面形态调整及其与水沙过程的响应关系

为治理尾闾河道萎缩提供技术支撑,采用实测资料分析与理论探讨相结合的方法,研究了尾闾河道断面形态变化及其与水沙过程的响应关系.结果表明,1986年后,黄河口水沙过程变异,尾闾河道平滩流量和平滩面积大幅度减小,平滩宽深比有所增大,断面形态变的宽浅;2002年后,小浪底水库调水调沙运用,尾闾河道萎缩有所恢复,平滩流量和平滩面...     

黄河下游洪水调控指标研究

依据200余场次洪水观测资料,应用统计分析、实体模型试验和数学模型计算等方法,对洪水按漫滩程度、水流含沙量高低、流量过程线形态特征和洪峰与沙峰相位差进行了分类;分析了塑造主槽的洪水关键因子;研究了黄河下游洪水过程调控关键技术指标。研究表明,黄河下游河槽高效输沙和塑造主槽作用较大的平滩流量约为4000m3/s,流量为4000m3/s条件下的洪水输送的临界含沙量为50kg/m3;对于不漫滩洪水,首选方案应按当时主槽的平滩流量控制,且平滩流量下的洪水流量过程以接近矩形波过程较好,峰前水量占洪水总水量的25%以上,洪水历时不小于7d;对于漫滩洪水,应控制洪峰流量大于平滩流量的1.5倍且大于洪水平均流量的1.2倍,同时应尽量控制洪水涨水期水量与洪水总水量之比不小于0.5,并保持洪峰与沙峰同步运行,洪水历时不小于7d;洪水调控分组含沙量大小主要取决于悬沙及床沙的级配;洪水来沙系数的调控指标视洪水类型而异,不漫滩洪水为0.012kg·s/m6,漫滩洪水为0.015kg·s/m6,同时还应控制分组泥沙的来沙系数。     

碧流河水库下游河道的现状防洪能力

针对缺乏实测流量资料的水库下游河道,利用一维河网模型系统MIKE11,采用多种工况组合,模拟计算并分析了碧流河水库下游河道主要断面的现状防洪能力。建模过程考虑水库调度与潮位等因素的影响:使用水库下游河道最新实测断面数据与网上遥感数据,参考设计资料,并结合计算经验综合确定计算模型参数。研究成果可为碧流河水库及其下游河道组成的联合调度系统提供决策支持。     

基于滑动分析法的黄河下游造床流量变化研究

采用滑动分析法修正经典马卡维也夫法造床能力表达式,避免在分析流量频率时人为划分流量级带来的误差,基于黄河下游花园口水文站1950—2015年实测资料,分析黄河下游造床流量变化规律及新水沙关系。研究结果表明:改进后的造床流量计算方法中流量级长度参数在200～600 m~3·s~(-1)范围内、流量级滑动距离参数在1～600 m~3·s~(-1)范围内选取,均可准确计算出花园口第一和第二造床流量;1986—1999年,黄河下游第一和第二造床流量显著减少,洪水频次、洪峰流量和多年平均流量明显下降,下游河道淤积萎缩严重;1999年自小浪底水库运用及调水调沙以来,第二造床流量增加,下游河道主槽过流输沙能力提高。目前黄河下游造床能力已由第一造床流量主导转变为第二造床流量主控。     

对黄河下游河道认识的突破

一、造成“小水大灾”的原因近年来 ,随着清水资源的优先开发 ,龙羊峡、刘家峡两座大型水库投入运用 ,及上中游地区工农业用水的增长 ,黄河下游的问题更加突出。龙、刘水库汛期的最大蓄水量可达１００亿ｍ３,使得汛期进入下游的水量大幅度减小 ,含沙量增加 ,洪峰流量减小 ,洪水的造床作用减弱 ,河槽严重淤积并萎缩 ,平滩流量减小 ,二级悬河进一步发展 ,几乎年年出现长时间断流 ,防洪和水资源利用问题更加突出 ［１］。１．河槽严重淤积 ,平滩流量减小黄河是多沙河流 ,小水挟带的泥沙在河床中的大量淤积 ,是造成洪水位逐年抬升的主要原因。表…     

对黄河下游河道认识的突破

 造成”小水大灾“的原因近年来, 随着清水资源的优先开发, 龙羊峡、刘家峡两座大型水库投入运用, 及上中游地区工农业用水的增长, 黄河下游的问题更加突出。龙、刘水库汛期的最大蓄水量可达100亿m3,使得汛期进入下游的水量大幅度减小, 含沙量增加, 洪峰流量减小, 洪水的造床作用减弱, 河槽严重淤积并萎缩, 平滩流量减小, 二级悬河进一步发展, 几乎年年出现长时间断流, 防洪和水资源利用问题更加突出 [1].1.河槽严重淤积, 平滩流量减小黄河是多沙河流, 小水挟带的泥沙在河床中的大量淤积, 是造成洪水位逐年抬升的主要原因。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that