一株戴尔福特菌的异养硝化与好氧反硝化性能研究

通过在好氧反硝化培养基中添加氨氮和在异养硝化培养基中添加硝基氮,研究了从实验室SBR反应器中新分离的一株戴尔福特菌的异养硝化作用与好氧反硝化作用的相互影响.研究表明:加入氨氮后,24 h后的硝基氮去除率最大可提高1.47%,48 h后菌体生长较为旺盛,氨氮去除率则均在90%以上;同时发现加入硝基氮后,菌体生长推迟,但氨氮去除率最大可提高4.16%.异养硝化与好氧反硝化作用之间是相互促进的.此株戴尔福特菌可在同一条件下自身实现同步硝化反硝化,具有一定的工程应用价值.     

SBR反应系统中反硝化除磷的研究

通过试验研究反硝化聚磷菌在厌氧-缺氧和厌氧-好氧2个不同SBR反应系统中达到了同步脱氮除磷的效果.这一结果说明A2SBR反应系统中的聚磷菌能够利用硝酸根代替氧作为最终电子受体.聚磷菌在A/OSBR中的聚磷速率是30-70 mg P/gMLVSS.h,在A2SBR中是15-32 mg P/gMLVSS.h.     

固定化好氧反硝化菌脱氮技术应用展望

近年来,氮污染已日益严重,传统的生物脱氮理论认为细菌的反硝化作用是一个严格的厌氧过程,但好氧反硝化菌的发现打破了此规律。随着生物脱氮技术的不断改进、更新,固定化微生物脱氮技术日益受到广泛关注。文章综述了好氧反硝化菌的应用研究、固定化微生物技术应用于废水处理研究动态以及固定化好氧反硝化菌脱氮效果比对,从而阐述固定化好氧反硝化菌脱氮技术的研究状况与应用展望。     

好氧反硝化菌及其在污水处理和环境修复中的研究进展

好氧反硝化菌由于其可以进行同步硝化反硝化的独特优势,给传统生物脱氮带来了新思路.本文综述了好氧反硝化菌的分离方法、种类及其影响因素,从电子传递瓶颈理论和酶学理论两方面探讨了好氧反硝化作用机理,介绍了它们在污水处理和环境修复方面的应用.研究表明,温度、溶解氧(DO)、碳源、碳氮比和pH值对好氧反硝化过程影响明显,且好氧反硝化菌在适宜条件下都有高效的脱氮效率.不过,目前好氧反硝化菌在环境修复应用方面仍有着效果不稳定等不足,和实验室研究有着一定的差距,需要进一步的探究.系统总结了好氧反硝化菌的分离方法、种类、反应机理、影响因素以及污水处理和环境修复中的应用.     

低温环境下聚磷微生物的富集驯化研究

针对低温环境下生物强化除磷工艺的启动与运行,研究了厌氧/好氧和厌氧/缺氧两种模式富集驯化好氧聚磷菌和反硝化聚磷菌的效果.研究表明,以城市污水处理厂活性污泥为接种污泥,在8~11℃的低温环境下能有效完成好氧和反硝化聚磷菌的富集驯化,厌氧/好氧和厌氧/缺氧反应器分别在第40d和第80d达到稳定状态.厌氧/好氧反应器内污泥释磷和吸磷能力强于厌氧/缺氧反应器内污泥,分别为27.7 mg P/g MLVSS,35.2mg P/g MLVSS,17.4mg P/g MLVSS,23.1mg P/g MLVSS.反硝化聚磷菌可以在好氧条件下以氧为电子受体快速吸收磷,而好氧聚磷菌在缺氧环境中以硝酸盐为电子受体立即吸收磷的能力较弱,仅为6.9mgP/gMLVSS,占好氧吸磷的19.6%.厌氧/好氧和厌氧/缺氧两个反应器富集前后聚磷菌(Accumulibacter)的丰度分别由9.3%(接种污泥)增加到79.3%(好氧聚磷菌)和61.6%(反硝化聚磷菌),同样表明了在该低温环境下两个生物强化除磷工艺均实现了Accumulibacter的有效富集.     

一株氨氧化菌的分离及其生物学特性研究

从青岛近海养殖场废水样品中筛选到一株具有硝化与反硝化双重功能的细菌,命名为YZC.菌株YZC兼性厌氧,革兰氏阳性,杆状;菌落干燥、圆形隆起、边缘锯齿状,在不同培养基上菌落颜色有所变化.该菌能以硝酸钠为氮源在好氧条件下进行反硝化作用;能以乙酸钠和硫酸铵分别为碳源和氮源进行硝化作用;该菌能以乙酰铵为唯一碳源和氮源而生长,并能利用多种糖和其他碳源.我们还测定了该菌的最适pH值和其生长盐浓度,以及其水解淀粉和明胶的能力,因此,YZC菌株对自然水体,尤其是废水的生物脱氮具有潜在的研究价值.     

SUFR UCT系统中一株好氧反硝化菌的鉴定与反硝化性能分析

从螺旋升流式SUFR-UCT系统好氧反应器的活性污泥中分离得到一株好氧反硝化菌Y4,经16S rDNA系列相似性比较和系统发育分析初步鉴定属于Gordonia.sp（戈登氏菌属）。对菌株Y4反硝化能力进行试验研究,结果表明菌株Y4可以在好氧条件下有效去除培养液中的硝酸盐氮,在初始硝酸盐氮质量浓度为286 mg/L时,48 h脱氮效率可达61.2%。另外试验考察了溶解氧和温度对菌株Y4反硝化效果的影响,结果显示Y4有较高的氧耐受力,在DO为2~11.8 mg/L时都可保持较高的脱氮率;菌株Y4对温度适应性强,在30 ℃时脱氮效率高达90%。试验证明在螺旋升流式SUFR-UCT系统中存在有较好反硝化性能的好氧反硝化菌。     

高效脱氮好氧反硝化菌的筛选及其污水处理工艺优化

从活性污泥中驯化、筛选并分离出1株能有效去除氨氮的菌株LX 1-3,经过形态学与分子生物学鉴定该菌株为副球菌属(Paracouccus sp),NCBI Gen Bank登录号为MH156598.对该菌株进行反硝化性能测试,结果表明该菌培养的最适条件为30℃,最适p H值为7. 0～7. 3,48 h后脱氮率为30. 7%.将该菌与1株高耐盐季也蒙毕赤酵母(KX447139)搭配,脱氮效率有显著提高.在好氧条件下,按照好氧反硝化菌与高效耐盐菌1∶1的接菌量配比接入污水中,30℃反应48 h后,氨氮去除率为86. 36%.该研究为提高污水脱氮处理效率提供了有效的方法.     

垃圾渗滤水同时好氧厌氧生物处理的生化反应机理

用自行设计研制的同时好氧厌氧生物反应器对广州大田山填埋场渗滤水进行了6年多的现场试验研究.通过硝化反硝化反应的计量学控制,实现了垃圾渗滤水的稳定处理,其出水完全达到该类废水的国家二级排放标准.采用本人提出的生化反应"电子计量学"方法,分析该反应器中主要存在的3类生化反应:有机物氧化反应、硝化反应、反硝化反应,研究分析了该三类生化反应的电子计量学方程式和有关计量学关系式.     

好氧颗粒污泥短程硝化处理养殖废水及N2O释放特性

好氧颗粒污泥可通过特殊的厌/好氧空间结构实现短程硝化,而短程硝化和好氧颗粒结构都可能导致温室气体N₂O释放.试验研究了处理养殖废水过程中好氧颗粒污泥短程硝化性能,及利用微电极探针定量分析N₂O过程释放特性.稳定运行期间,COD与氨氮平均去除率分别为76.8%和94.4%,短程硝化效率可达88.9%.根据微电极探针和气相色谱分析结果,好氧颗粒污泥系统厌氧和好氧阶段N₂O生成量分别占46.4%和53.6%,但短程硝化系统的N₂O释放主要来源于曝气吹脱作用;系统内N₂O中氮的释放量占进水氮的比例为2.1%,好氧颗粒污泥并未显著强化N₂O释放.     

Hydrogen production by mixed culture of several facultative bacteria and anaerobic bacteria

The characteristic of hydrogen production by facultative anaerobic bacteria, obligate anaerobic bacteria and their mixed culture was studied by the batch culture method. The results showed that, due to the synergistic effect between facultative bacteria and anaerobic bacteria, the ability of hydrogen production in the mixed culture was much better than that in the pure culture. Especially, the culture Scheme No.7 mixed up with three strains ( Bacterium.E: Bacterium.B: Bacterium.P = 1:1:1) not only had the best hydrogen production capacity (1.885 mol H2/mol glucose) and maximum average hydrogen production rate (212.2mL/(L·h)), but also had stable hydrogen production under continuous culture conditions, which was 1.968 mol H2/mol glucose.     

Identification in situ and phylogeny of uncultured bacterial endosymbionts.

The use of Koch's technique to isolate bacteria in pure cultures has enabled thousands of bacterial species to be characterized. But for the many microorganisms that have never been cultivated, DNA amplification in vitro using the polymerase chain reaction is now making their genes accessible. Here we use this technique to study bacteria of the genus Holospora, which live in ciliates and whose phylogenetic relationship has remained unknown because they are impossible to cultivate. Species of Holospora are highly infectious and live in the nuclei of their specific host cells: H. elegans and H. undulata infect micronuclei of Paramecium caudatum, whereas H. obtusa infects the macronucleus in other strains of the same host species; Holospora species have a common developmental cycle. We have amplified, cloned and sequenced gene fragments encoding ribosomal RNA of H. obtusa. The phylogenetic position of H. obtusa in the alpha group of Proteobacteria was determined by 16S rRNA sequence analysis. The sequences were then used to design species- as well as genus-specific rRNA hybridization probes, which enabled us to detect and differentiate individual cells of the endosymbionts in situ. The large amount of rRNA in the cells indicates a high physiological activity of the endosymbionts in the host nuclei.     

基于兼性厌氧菌MICP技术的尾砂再造充填体试验研究

提出一种利用微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀(MICP)技术的胶结尾砂方法，利用兼性厌氧菌在密封养护条件下胶结尾砂，解决利用好氧菌无法在缺氧或无氧环境下使用的问题.采用控制变量法对利用兼性厌氧菌MICP技术胶结尾砂试验的影响因素进行探究，研究了菌液浓度、胶结溶液浓度、尾砂粒径和养护温度对胶结效果的影响.结果表明:当菌液的OD₆₀₀为1、胶结溶液中醋酸根离子浓度为0.6mol/L、尾砂为多种不同粒径的尾砂混合体、养护温度为30℃时，胶结效果最佳；兼性厌氧菌的MICP技术具有胶结尾砂的潜力，为替代水泥作为尾砂胶结材料提供了有效途径.     

利用PCR-DGGE技术鉴定硝基甲苯类物质降解菌株

为鉴定光催化-厌氧好氧固定化微生物方法降解2,6-DNT和4-MNT的优势菌株,取连续运行40d的厌氧好氧反应器出入口的微生物样品.采用PCR-DGGE技术分离微生物,得到对2,6-DNT和4-MNT具有良好降解特性的优势菌种;发现厌氧反应器内不同位置微生物种类差别很大,好氧反应器内差别很小;反应器内有5种优势菌株:Delta proteobacterium,Pseudomonas stutzeri,Pseudomonas trivialis,Burkholderia cenocepa-ciaand Chryseobacterium sp.AKB-2008-VA6和1个未知菌株,以兼性厌氧和好氧方式生存.反应器运行期间,水质指标良好.     

Hydrogen production by mixed culture of several facultative bacteria and anaerobic bacteria

The characteristic of hydrogen production by facultative anaerobic bacteria, obligate anaerobic bacteria and their mixed culture was studied by the batch culture method. The results showed that, due to the synergistic effect between facultative bacteria and anaerobic bacteria, the ability of hydrogen production in the mixed culture was much better than that in the pure culture. Especially, the culture Scheme No.7 mixed up with three strains (Bacterium. E: Bacterium. B: Bacterium. P = 1:1:1) not only had the best hydrogen production capacity (1.885 mol H₂/mol glucose) and maximum average hydrogen production rate (212.2 mL/(L·h)), but also had stable hydrogen production under continuous culture conditions, which was 1.968 mol H₂/mol glucose.     

Sericin 1上游调控序列多态性分析

在克隆家蚕sericin 1基因上游调控序列时，出现多种扩增情况．为了调查其多态性，对野桑蚕、家蚕70个品系基因组进行了PCR扩增，扩增出660bp（DQ354392）、1000bp及660bp和1000bp同时出现的3种类型,序列分析表明：1000bp的条带与NCBI中登录的sericin 1（AB00783）上游调控序列一样；多态性存在于顺式作用元件之前，而顺式作用元件区域是非常保守的．     

The strict anaerobe Bacteroides fragilis grows in and benefits from nanomolar concentrations of oxygen

Strict anaerobes cannot grow in the presence of greater than 5 micro M dissolved oxygen. Despite this growth inhibition, many strict anaerobes of the Bacteroides class of eubacteria can survive in oxygenated environments until the partial pressure of O2 (PO2) is sufficiently reduced. For example, the periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythensis colonize subgingival plaques of mammals, whereas several other Bacteroides species colonize the gastrointestinal tract of animals. It has been suggested that pre-colonization of these sites by facultative anaerobes is essential for reduction of the PO2 and subsequent colonization by strict anaerobes. However, this model is inconsistent with the observation that Bacteroides fragilis can colonize the colon in the absence of facultative anaerobes. Thus, this strict anaerobe may have a role in reduction of the environmental PO2. Although some strictly anaerobic bacteria can consume oxygen through an integral membrane electron transport system, the physiological role of this system has not been established in these organisms. Here we demonstrate that B. fragilis encodes a cytochrome bd oxidase that is essential for O2 consumption and is required, under some conditions, for the stimulation of growth in the presence of nanomolar concentrations of O2. Furthermore, our data suggest that this property is conserved in many other organisms that have been described as strict anaerobes.     

细菌鞭毛染色制片方法的改进

本文按照细菌鞭毛标本片的染色细菌扣鞭毛结构完整、染色清晰、保存时间长的要求。比较了Ryu氏法扣饺银法。得出饺银法较好的结论。并针对饺银法。对细菌悬液的制备、培养时间的控制以及培养基的种类选择等进行实验,找到适合的鞭毛标本片制备过程以满足鞭毛标本片的染色要求。     

化学反应设计成原电池的探讨

阐述了同一化学反应设计成系列电池的问题,同时探讨了化学反应设计成原电池的作用和n值可变的系列电池设计问题及浓差电池设计问题,对化学教学有一定的指导意义．     

同心筒垂直发射装置排导燃气流的改进

研究在发射过程中导弹周围高温燃气环境对导弹产生的影响.通过同心筒内筒尾部收缩段的尺寸设计,减少高温燃气的反射,在发射筒口采用导流装置,将从内外筒间排出的燃气流导向发射筒周围,从而减少高温燃气对导弹出筒部分的烧蚀.采用数值仿真方法对两种改进措施进行计算模拟和试验研究.结果表明,两种改进对改善导弹发射过程中的热环境有一定效果.