基于正则化的SPACE-RIP并行磁共振成像重建算法

采用并行磁共振成像可以提高成像速度和图像分辨率,但这是以牺牲重建图像的信噪比为代价的。为此,该文提出了一种基于正则化的并行磁共振成像重建算法,降低由于阵列线圈的几何相关而造成的信噪比损失。以预扫描图像作为最后重建图像的先验信息,用L曲线方法求解最佳正则化参数。实验表明,该方法能较大限度地减弱噪声对重建结果的影响,当SPACE-RIP并行成像技术的加速因子达到4时,仍可得到高质量的高分辨率重建影像。重建后的图像质量良好,对临床诊断具有较高实用价值。     

基于Tikhonov和变差正则化的磁感应断层成像重建算法

为了解决磁感应断层成像(MIT)逆问题的病态性和改善重建图像的质量,提出一种新的组合算法.该组合算法首先利用Tikhonov正则化算法对解的适定性产生初步的成像区域,之后再利用变差正则化算法对解的保边缘性和锐化作用进行图像重建.该组合算法与Tikhonov正则化算法及变差正则化算法相比,不仅有效地克服了磁感应断层成像(...     

一种基于L曲线准则的正则化图像复原算法

针对因大气湍流而引起的模糊图像的复原问题,通过对偏差函数添加正则函数以使得要求解的方程组是适定的. 以偏差函数和正则化函数为坐标,得到复原图像关于正则化参数的参数曲线,用三次多项式拟合了该曲线的左端部分,并以该曲线的最大曲率点对应的参数为最优正则化参数. 当图像边界满足周期性条件时,利用傅里叶矩阵可以将分块循环矩阵对角化,进而利用二维离散傅里叶变化和反变换求解线性方程组而得到复原图像. 实验结果表明,当噪声方差较小时,可得到比较满意的复原结果.      

三维电阻抗成像中混合正则化算法

为解决三维电阻抗成像(electrical impedance tomography,EIT)逆问题的病态性和改善重建图像质量,在对比研究Tikhonov正则化和一步牛顿法(Newton’s one-step error reconstructor,NOSER)的基础上,提出基于这2种算法的混合正则化算法。采用归一化均方距离判据和归一化平均绝对距离判据,为判断重构图像和原始图像的差异提供一种量化的客观标准。仿真计算和物理模型实验结果表明：混合正则化算法与Tikhonov正则化、NOSER正则化相比,不仅降低了雅克比矩阵的条件数,使逆问题由病态转为良态,还提高了目标物体的空间分辨率,有效改善了图像质量。该混合正则化算法对三维EIT的图像重构是有效的、可靠的。     

二维SPACE RIP并行成像技术在三维磁共振成像中的应用

相比均匀欠采样规则,基于非均匀欠采样规则的SPACE RIP并行磁共振成像技术能够获得更高质量的影像。为了减少三维快速自旋回波(3-D fast spin echo,3-DFSE)序列的扫描时间,该文提出了在2个相位编码方向都采用基于指数分布的非均匀欠采样规则,结合SPACE RIP并行磁共振成像技术来减少扫描时间。并用仿真实验、水模研究以及活体实验来评价所提出方案的性能。实验表明,重建后的图像噪声低、分辨率高并且无明显混叠伪影,对临床诊断具有较高使用价值。     

基于范数优化的并行磁共振成像算法

研究了并行磁共振成像图像重建的范数优化问题.首先,通过分析目前常用的2种并行磁共振成像重建算法——GRAPPA算法和SENSE算法,归纳出它们在重建过程中所用的动态数学模型,描述成形如矩阵方程Ax=b的形式;然后,将范数优化引入到重建算法中的建模及模型参数估计中,通过采用不同矩阵范数意义下的目标函数,即在不同的范数空间中重建图像,提高优化的自由度和算法设计的灵活性;最后,通过仿真对范数优化后的重建图像质量进行分析,说明不同范数优化对重建图像的影响,并探讨了范数优化中相关参数及优化目标函数的选择问题.     

开放式电阻抗成像中变差正则化重构算法

采用单排固定电极模式的开放式电阻抗成像(open electrical impedance tomography, OEIT)克服封闭式电阻抗成像在临床运用中重构模型适应性差、电极定位误差大以及操作简便性差等弊病。针对OEIT逆问题求解中更加严重的病态性问题,提出以变差函数作为罚函数项的变差正则化算法获得适定的重构解。仿真实验和水槽实验表明：变差正则化算法可有效求解OEIT重构的逆问题,重构图像能够正确反映位于电极下浅表层区域的目标位置、大小,并在一定程度上反映电导率的相对值。OEIT以其简便快速而更具潜在的临床实用价值。     

GRAPPA增强的SPACE RIP并行MRI重建算法

为加快磁共振(MRI)的采集速度,提高图像质量,提出了一种利用SPACE RIP算法和GRAPPA算法的并行磁共振(PMRI)成像算法。该方法提高了线圈敏感度值计算的准确性和未采集到采样间隔较小的相位编码行数据重建的精度。当加速因子较大时进行重建时,得到非均匀欠采样得到的数据。利用水模和仿真数据,验证了该算法的性能。结果表明:该算法噪声低,分辨率高,无明显混叠伪影。因此,该算法具有良好的图像重建质量性能;有利于临床诊断。     

基于多字典 L1/2 正则化的超分辨率重建算法

为详细表达图像高频细节信息, 提高重建图像质量, 提出了一种基于多字典 L1 /2 正则化的超分辨 率重建算法。 该算法在稀疏重建字典对训练阶段, 为有效提取低分辨率图像边缘、 纹理等特征细节信息, 采用改进的一阶二阶导数方法对低分辨率图像进行特征提取; 而在图像重建阶段, 为解决基于 L1 正则模 型得到的解时常不够稀疏, 重建图像质量有待进一步提高的问题, 采用 L1 /2 范数代替 L1 范数构建超分 辨率重建模型。 实验表明, 与现有算法相比较, 该算法可更好地表达图像细节部分信息, 并能提高图像 的重建质量。     

基于空间自适应正则化的超分辨率重建算法

针对模糊图像的复原问题,从正则化技术克服问题病态性的思想出发,研究了一种有效的超分辨率重建算法。该算法充分考虑了图像的局部特性,引入了空间自适应加权矩阵,采用全局正则化参数与局部正则化参数矩阵相结合的方法,弥补了传统正则化方法所带来的正则化误差以及噪声放大误差。实验结果表明,该算法能够有效地减少重建误差,保护图像的细节信息。     

Functional magnetic resonance imaging of amphetamine craving

The aim of this study is to identify the brain activity associated with amphetamine craving for understanding the neurobiology of addiction by watching pictures of happy, sad or amphetamine. Brain activity was measured in 12 amphetamine addicts and 12 healthy subjects by fMRI while the subjects watched pictures designed to elicit happy feelings, sad feelings, or the desire to use amphetamine. The result demonstrated that amphetamine cues led to abnormally high cingulate and low frontal lobe activation in amphetamine addicts, who showed abnormalities in affect-related brain activation.     

Functional magnetic resonance imaging of amphetamine craving

The aim of this study is to identify the brain activity associated with amphetamine craving for understanding the neurobiology of addiction by watching pictures of happy, sad or amphetamine. Brain activity was measured in 12 amphetamine addicts and 12 healthy subjects by fMRI while the subjects watched pictures designed to elicit happy feelings, sad feelings, or the desire to use amphetamine. The result demonstrated that amphetamine cues led to abnormally high cingulate and low frontal lobe activation in amphetamine addicts, who showed abnormalities in affect-related brain activation.     

磁纳米分子影像探针研究热点与挑战

 近年来,磁纳米材料在分子影像领域的应用得到科研人员的广泛关注。常用的磁性纳米探针是超顺磁性氧化铁颗粒（SPION）,它具有较好的水质子横向弛豫时间（T₂）弥散加权核磁共振成像造影剂的性能。通过对SPION制备及表面修饰进行改进,使纳米颗粒具有磁共振造影功能和干细胞标记、药物/基因递送的功能。综述了SPION兼具影像探针和磁共振成像可视化治疗方面的功能。虽然已有多种磁纳米材料进入临床研究,但结合当前研究瓶颈以及纳米药物制备方法的发展,制备造影效果较好、药物生物相容性较高、具有靶向性及临床转换潜力较强的SPION是新一代磁纳米探针研究亟需解决的问题。     

稀土元素Gd、Ho和Dy在磁共振成像应用的研究进展

Gd、Ho和Dy因其独特的光学和磁学性质而在生物成像等方面有着广泛的应用.在镧系元素中,Gd~(3+)具有7个不成对的电子,可以提供高的弛豫度,已被广泛地用于磁共振成像(MRI)造影剂,而Ho~(3+)和Dy~(3+)具有最短的电子弛豫时间和最高的有效磁矩,因此有良好的高场T_2弛豫效果.介绍了基于这3种稀土元素的纳米材料在MRI方面的应用.     

稀土纳米粒子作为磁共振成像造影剂的研究进展

镧系元素拥有独特的4f外层电子结构,从而使其具有独特的光学和磁学性质.利用具有磁学性质的镧系元素合成的稀土纳米粒子被广泛用作磁共振成像造影剂.主要总结了近年来磁性稀土纳米粒子的种类、合成方法及不同系列(T_1,T_2)的磁共振成像造影剂的应用现状,并展望了其前景.     

Research progress of magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a clinical diagnostic modality, which has become popular in hospitals around the world. Approximately 30% of MRI exams include the use of contrast agents. The research progress of the paramagnetic resonance imaging contrast agents was described briefly. Three important approaches in the soluble paramagnetic resonance imaging contrast agents design including nonionic, tissue-specific and macromolecular contrast agents were investigated. In addition, the problems in the research and development in future were discussed.     

The design of the robot assisted magnetic resonance imaging guidance for minimally invasive surgery system

assisted Minimally lnvasive Surgery (MIS) is one of the rapidest developing directiorls in the current surgical reahn. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is an optimal imaging modality which was applied in MIS in recent years. By combination of precise positioning to the target by intra-operative MRI guided surgery and dexterous motion by the robot, safe and smooth operation is expected to be peffurmed.An overview of the MR I-guided robotic system for MIS is offered. The design of the intra-operative MR scalmer system is described. The MR-compatible robotic system is carefully desigaled for safety and sterilization issues. This system unifies image information from open MRI, an optical endoscope and conventional vital-sign detectors. It helps and guides the surgeon and other medical staffs so they can make the right decisions. The high-performance manipulator can mimic the movement of the surgeon‘ s hand precisely. And the analysis for active and passive interventional surgical instrument tracking is provided.     

Amphiphilic dextran/magnetite nanocomposites as magnetic resonance imaging probes

Superparamagnetic iron oxide （SPIO） nanoparticles are effective contrast agents for enhancement of magnetic resonance imaging at the tissue, cellular or even molecular levels. High quality SPIO nanoparticles can be synthesized in the organic phase but need to be transferred into water before any biomedical applications. In this study, amphiphilic poly（ε-caprolactone） grafted dextran （Dex-g-PCL） was used as carriers for particle encapsulation and stabilization in the aqueous phase. Multiple SPIO nanoparticles were self-assembled together with the help of Dex-g-PCL during phase transfer from chloroform to water, and diameters of Dex-g-PCL/SPIO nanocomposites were （64 ± 22） nm through dynamic light scattering measurement. These nanocomposites were superparamagnetic at 300 K with saturated magnetization of 88 emu/g Fe. In the magnetic field of 1.5 T, Dex-g-PCL/SPIO nanocomposites had a T2 relaxivity of 363 Fe mL·mol-1·s-1. This unique nanocomposite brought significant mouse liver contrast with signal intensity changes of -60% at 5 min after intravenous administration. However, uptake of Dex-g-PCL/SPIO nanocomposites in liver reticuloendothelial cells （Kupffer cells） did not immediately happen at shorter time points （〈4 h） as verified by histology studies, and it was evident that more iron staining would be located in Kupffer cells 24 h after contrast agent administration. After 24 h and 10 d, the signal intensities （SI） gradually recovered, and SI changes were -44% and -31%, respectively. From our observation, the time window for enhanced-MRI could last at least 12 days and totally recovered after 16 days. This novel sensitive MRI contrast agent may find potential applications in discovering small liver lesions such as early tumor diagnosis.