考虑接触斑变形协调关系的轮轨多点接触计算方法

为提高轮轨多点接触简化算法的计算精度，考虑轮轨间多个接触斑法向压缩量的变形协调关系，提出了一种轮轨多点接触改进计算方法.首先，基于轮轨间隙函数的几何特征，采用Kik-Piotrowski方法计算并判定轮轨多点接触.然后，考虑接触斑变形协调关系，建立轮轨法向接触应力-法向压缩量耦合方程组，求解轮轨多点接触法向力.最后，采用典型的两点接触模型检验该方法的合理性，继而分析了该方法应用于实际轮轨接触仿真时的计算精度.结果表明，提出的轮轨多点接触计算方法与Kalker变分方法计算结果吻合良好，最大相对误差仅为7.5%,说明该方法可以显著提升Kik-Piotrowski方法用于轮轨多点接触问题求解时的计算精度.     

柔性轮对高速列车通过道岔的动力学响应

为研究高速列车在柔性轮对条件下通过道岔时的动力响应,采用刚柔耦合动力学仿真方法,基于CRH380高速列车模型建立柔性轮对结构条件下的车辆—道岔刚柔耦合动力学模型。以柔性轮对高速列车模型为研究对象,通过18号高速道岔,分析轮对柔性与全刚体结构条件下的车辆模型的安全性、轮轨动态相互作用、车体振动加速度及轮轨接触位置分布指标。仿真结果表明,柔性轮对高速列车模型对车辆的轮轨动态相互作用影响较大,对安全性、车体振动加速度及轮轨接触位置分布等动力学指标影响较小。     

不同车轮型面对地铁道岔区轮轨静态接触行为的影响

为了研究不同车轮型面对地铁9号道岔转辙器区的轮轨静态接触行为的影响,基于经典迹线法求解轮轨接触几何关系,利用三维非赫兹滚动接触理论分析接触力学特性,分析接触点对分布、道岔转辙器结构不平顺、轮轨接触几何参数和轮轨接触斑的形状、面积及最大法向接触应力等。数值计算中,考虑轮背距为1 353 mm的LM和DIN5573以及轮背距为1 358 mm的S1002这3种车轮型面,从静力学分析的角度提出地铁道岔区的最优车轮型面。研究结果表明:DIN5573车轮过岔接触点对分布较集中,结构不平顺幅值较小,直向过岔时轮对的稳定性较好但接触力学特性较差;S1002车轮侧向过岔通过能力较强,接触力学特性良好,但轮对向尖基轨侧横移时较易发生轮缘接触,轮轨表面易产生疲劳伤损;LM车轮综合匹配性能最好。     

机车车辆轮轨接触问题的数值模拟

按照机车、车辆车轮与标准轨道的实际几何关系建立了三维有限元模型，并采用有限元参数二次规划法求解轮轨弹塑性接触问题．通过弹塑性接触计算，得到了大量的轮轨接触力、接触状态和轮轨应力的数据，根据计算结果分析比较了机车轮轨接触和车辆轮轨接触的区别，对轮缘贴靠钢轨形成两点接触时的接触情况进行了初步分析.     

轨底坡对运营地铁轮轨接触特性的影响分析

为研究不同轨底坡条件下实际运营地铁列车的轮轨接触特性,采用轮轨接触空间迹线方法计算分析了轨底坡对轮轨接触几何参数的影响,并建立某地铁B型车辆动力学模型,详细分析了不同线路条件下轨底坡对车辆动力学性能的影响规律.研究表明:LMCHN60轮轨匹配条件下,轨底坡在1/45～1/20范围内轮轨接触点分布连续,特别是直线段在轨底坡为1/20、曲线段在轨底坡为1/40时轮轨匹配性能良好;运营条件下车轮踏面凹磨造成等效锥度过大,轮轨接触点分布不连续,易造成异常晃车;曲线地段车轮踏面凹磨限制了轮对横向运动,导致轮对对中困难,轮轨接触匹配不良,易造成轮轨滚动接触疲劳.     

深海柔性立管弯曲加强器力学建模及参数敏感性分析

柔性立管系统在深海资源开发中使用越来越广泛。弯曲加强器作为立管系统的重要构件,其设计和研究对立管系统在复杂工况下的正常作业有着十分重要的意义。同时考虑材料的非线性力学行为、几何大变形,以及弯曲加强器与立管之间的接触摩擦,建立典型三段式弯曲加强器-立管系统的三维非线性力学模型,并与工程常用线性简化模型结果进行对比,说明非线性力学建模的必要性。在此基础上,通过非线性计算对典型三段式弯曲加强器的关键结构设计参数进行敏感性分析。结果表明,弯曲加强器的各段长度比例、厚度等结构参数对系统工作性能都有一定影响,在弯曲加强器设计时应给予充分考虑。     

高速轮轨黏着机理及特性的研究

该研究建立了水油介质污染条件下并考虑接触表面粗糙度影响的三维高速轮轨黏着数值模型;建立了考虑弹塑性接触和摩擦温升情况下的二维高速轮轨黏着模型;初步建立了考虑流变、弹塑性变形及温升的二维高速轮轨黏着模型。在三维模型中,轮轨间的液体介质可沿着横向和纵向流动,且粗糙峰沿横向和纵向分布的影响同时能得到考虑,与实际情况相符。考虑到三维模型的复杂性,在求解雷诺方程时采用多重网格法求解,利用多重网格积分法求解膜厚方程以加快求解速度。然后利用数值模型,以我国CRH2型高速列车的参数为基础,对轮轨黏着进行了数值模拟计算,研究了轮轨间存在水、油污染时,列车运行速度及轮轨表面粗糙度等对轮轨黏着特性的影响规律。数值结果表明:(1)水介质存在时列车运行速度增大会引起中心膜厚增大而引起黏着系数的急剧减小。(2)粗糙度增大引起膜厚比的减小,从而引起黏着系数的增大。纵向表面纹理有利于黏着特性的发挥。(3)将数值模型的部分结果与较低速度下的试验结果进行了对比,吻合较好,验证了数值模型在低速条件下的可靠性。在建立考虑弹塑性接触和摩擦温升情况下的二维高速轮轨黏着模型时,基于H.Chen的简化模型基础上加入了入口区温升、固体粗糙峰间的摩擦温升以及考虑Zhao等提出的微观粗糙峰间的弹塑性影响。对运行速度、接触压力等对黏着系数的影响进行了讨论。主要得出以下几个结论:(1)速度增大导致接触区内膜厚的增大,降低了固体承载比率,因而黏着系数下降。(2)接触压力越大导致固体部分接触压力增大,但是增大的量比总载荷增大的量小,固体峰承载的比率还是下降的,直接导致黏着系数的下降。速度相对于接触压力而言对黏着系数的影响更大。(3)弹性模型过高地估计了黏着系数,这对于保障列车行驶安全是不利的。(4)该模型考虑热效应的数值结果与日本新干线上的实测数据接近。该研究初步建立了一个同时考虑热效应(流体膜剪切及固体粗糙峰摩擦产生)、微观粗糙度弹塑性变形及流体的流变效应的高速轮轨黏着二维数值模型。采用多重网格法求解模型中的雷诺方程,以提高运算效率。整个求解流程采用压力-温度两场交叉求解,直到求得收敛解。利用该模型得到合理的数值结果。     

考虑柔性轮对的车辆系统刚柔耦合动力学响应分析

为研究柔性轮对对高速列车动力学性能的影响，采用刚柔耦合动力学仿真方法，基于CRH380高速列车模型建立了柔性轮对结构条件下的车辆—轨道刚柔耦合动力学模型。分析了轮对柔性与全刚体结构条件下的车辆模型的安全性、轮轨动态相互作用及通过性指标。仿真结果表明，在车速300 km/h时，两模型在动力学指标上具有明显差异，主要表现在柔性轮对车辆模型轮轨垂向力幅值及轮重减载率幅值都低于全刚性体车辆模型，车辆振动加速度、脱轨系数及轮轴横向力波形结果差距较小。     

基于轮轨非Hertz接触的影响系数的有限元计算方法

采用非Hertz接触理论求解轮轨接触问题时,影响系数对轮轨接触应力与接触斑大小产生重要影响.由于当车轮轮缘与钢轨在轨距角处发生接触时,非Hertz接触理论中基于弹性半空间条件下的影响系数已不适用,所以利用有限元方法求解了全空间内轮轨非Hertz接触的影响系数,并对Kalker的非Hertz接触理论做了修正.在保证计算效率的前提下,以30t轴重重载铁路CHN75钢轨和LM磨耗车轮踏面为例,采用修正的非Hertz理论及轮轨接触分区模型P_M(partition model)分别计算了轮对横移量为0~8mm时的轮轨接触斑面积及接触斑应力.研究结果表明,用有限元法计算出的影响系数大于Bossinisqe-Cerruti公式求出的影响系数,并且在轨距角处的影响系数大于轨顶处.修正的非Hertz理论计算出的法向应力和接触斑面积始终要比P_M模型计算出的法向应力略大一些,且随轮对横移量的增加,两种轮轨法向接触模型计算出的法向应力和接触斑趋势一致.当横移量为0~4mm时,最大接触斑面积可达173.75mm2,轮轨型面较为匹配;当横移量持续增大时,由于车轮与钢轨轨距角接触,接触面积急剧降低,同时法向应力急剧增大.     

车轮多边形对车辆振动及轮轨力的影响

针对国内车轮多边形现象日益突出,应用ANSYS和SIMPACK软件建立考虑轮对柔性的车辆刚柔耦合系统动力学模型,研究车轮多边形对车辆振动及轮轨力的影响并提出不同阶次的车轮多边形限值.研究表明:轮轨垂向力波动随车轮多边形幅值的增大而增大,但不随多边形阶次的增加而线性增大;轮对弯曲振动频率会与轮对的侧滚与转臂的点头频率相耦合,如果由车轮多边形产生的振动频率在该频率范围内,将会产生共振;根据轮轨力上限值170kN提出300km/h速度下1~20阶车轮多边形波深限值,特别是11阶车轮多边形的波深不宜超过0.07mm.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to