含油污泥-弱凝胶复合调剖体系的研制

通过对化子坪联合站含油污泥的组分分析以及含油污泥沉降实验,对调剖体系中的分散剂、悬浮剂、交联剂进行筛选,并对复合调剖体系配方进行优化。优化配方为:质量分数15%的含油污泥、0.5%的烯基磺酸钠与0.4%的疏水聚丙烯酰胺KYPAM溶液预先混合,加入0.5%柠檬酸锆、2%尿素、1.5%甲醛交联剂。70℃下候凝2 d,含油污泥-聚合物复合凝胶黏度达20×103m Pa·s以上。通过模拟实验评价了调剖效果,注入量0.3 PV及以上时,封堵率达到99%以上,突破压力提高到10 MPa以上。     

污油泥调剖剂的研制与应用

通过分析油田产出含油污泥组分和粒径,确定以含油污泥为主要原材料,添加适当化学药剂和固相颗粒得到一种新型含油污泥调剖剂.合理配方:污油泥为50 %,悬浮剂为0.2%-0.3 %,乳化剂为0.3%-0.4 %,膨润土为8 %.调剖剂体系稳定,不产生分层现象.岩心实验表明,调剖剂优先进入高渗透层,具有一定的选择性堵塞作用.     

不同含油饱和度时泡沫的稳定性及调驱机理研究

利用搅拌起泡法研究了含油饱和度对于泡沫稳定性的关系,利用微观玻璃模型研究了不同含油饱和度时泡沫的调驱机理,利用双管并联填砂岩心模型评价了不同含油饱和度时的调剖效果。结果表明:含油饱和度对泡沫稳定性有明显影响,含油饱和度0.05~0.2区间内,泡沫稳定性缓慢降低,含油饱和度0.2~0.4区间内,泡沫稳定性快速降低,含油饱和度0.4~0.6以上区间内泡沫稳定性缓慢降至较低水平;微观玻璃模型驱替实验表明,含油饱和度在0.4~0.6区间内泡沫不能稳定存在,泡沫依靠泡沫剂溶液的洗油作用提高采收率,0.05~0.2区间内泡沫稳定性较好,主要依靠气泡的调堵作用提高采收率,0.2~0.4区间内调堵作用和洗油作用协同;含油饱和度对于泡沫的调剖效果有显著影响,在实验条件下,含油饱和度在0.1~0.3区间内,驱替压差可达1.2 MPa,泡沫调剖作用显著,在0.3~0.6区间内,驱替压差逐渐降至0.3 MPa,调剖效果不理想,含油饱和度大于0.6,驱替压差低于0.2 MPa,泡沫失去调剖作用。     

好氧颗粒污泥系统启动和颗粒特性研究

通过逐步缩短沉降时间和提高氮负荷的方法,考察水力选择压和生物选择压共同作用下的好氧颗粒污泥系统启动过程及污泥特性.试验结果表明,系统启动期间,颗粒平均粒径36 d增至0.5 mm,第90 d达到0.9 mm,粒径平均增速为9.3 μm·d-1;前53 d内污泥负荷为0.4～0.6 g·g-1·d-1,表观污泥产率为0.40～0.52 g·g-1,当生物量增长后,污泥负荷降至0.2～0.4 g·g-1·d-1,表观污泥产率减小至0.17～0.25 g·g-1;40 d后SVI稳定在(15±5)mL/g范围内,沉降性能良好;反应器除污染效果好,10 d后COD去除率稳定在80%左右,NH+4-N去除率达到98%以上,且随着氮负荷提高,单位质量污泥的NH+4-N反应速率提高,AOB、NOB和异养菌的活性都在增大.     

高温油藏深部复合调剖技术研究

针对高温油藏层间层内矛盾、水驱开发效果差的问题,进行了深部复合调剖技术研究。通过物理模拟实验研究了复合调剖剂不同粒径、不同注入次序和注入强度下的调剖效果。结果表明:预交联水膨体颗粒+微球组合体系可使非均质地层采收率提高20%以上;高温可动凝胶+微球组合体系能启动低渗透层的原油,实现调剖和驱油的双重效果;高温可动凝胶按先弱后强的强度注入顺序可获得较高的波及体积和采收率。研究结果可为高温油藏控水增油提供一定的参考依据。     

长效复合耐碱凝胶微球颗粒调剖技术

摘要：长效复合凝胶微球颗粒调剖技术是将微球颗粒调剖剂和凝胶组合以段塞组合方式注入地层,形成以颗粒调剖为支撑体,通过有一定粘度的凝胶调剖剂将其黏附于底层孔壁上,增加了段塞的封堵能力,提高了段塞封堵有效期和后驱注入液的波及系数。实验结果表明：凝胶体系在30－80℃条件下,成胶时间在2－15d可控,pH值范围在7－14之间,成胶粘度0.3－2.3?04mPa.s,突破压力梯度﹥4MPa/m。2008年在采油一厂进行了2口井的现场试验,3口见效井日产油由11.6t上升至20.2t,日增油8.6t;平均单井综合含水由93.1%下降至88.1%,下降了5.0个百分点。油井累计增油3299t,投入产出比 1：6.28。     

分子体凝胶驱油调剖体系性能评价和矿场试验

为了提高注入水波及系数,达到深部调剖的效果,采用由聚丙烯酰胺和适当浓度交联剂组成的分子体凝胶调剖体系.通过岩心实验,测定残余阻力系数达到83.5;采用分子体凝胶+聚合物溶液组合段塞在非均质岩心上做深部调剖驱油实验,测定在初始水驱的基础上提高原油采出程度30%以上;在矿场试验中,通过大剂量的分子体凝胶+聚合物溶液组合段塞调驱,注水井吸水剖面大大改善,产油井含水率明显下降,采油量上升.说明分子体凝胶能够改善波及系数,增加水驱含油面积,大大提高原油采收率.     

海上油田在线组合调驱提高采收率技术——以渤海C油田E井组为例

针对渤海C油田E井组层间非均质性严重、层内非均质性强的问题,结合海上油田空间有限、快速开发等特点,提出以在线交联体系作为调剖段塞、在线非均相体系作为调驱段塞的在线组合调驱思路。利用不同渗透率双管填砂模型,考察了乳液聚合物与交联剂浓度分别为1 500 mg/L、1 650 mg/L和3 000 mg/L、3 300 mg/L的两种交联体系的调剖能力,结果表明,注入0.5 PV的交联体系并侯凝5 d后,低浓度对应的双管模型上,低渗砂管的分流量由0%变为40%;高浓度对应的双管模型上,高、低渗砂管的分流量相对于前期水驱阶段发生逆转,低渗砂管的分流量由0%变为84%,有效抑制了水驱"优势通道",调整了层间吸水矛盾。利用均质岩心物理模型,在乳液聚合物、微球聚合物和预交联凝胶颗粒总浓度保持4 000 mg/L的条件下,考察了水驱后不同非均相体系驱油效果;并与乳液聚合物单独使用时的实验结果进行了对比。结果表明,不同配方的非均相调驱体系均大幅提高了采收率,提高采收率幅度随着预交联颗粒在体系中所占浓度的提高而增大。2016年3月5日,在线组合调驱体系在C油田E23井开始注入。先后注入3 440.8 m~3的交联体系和10 997 m~3的非均相体系。根据生产情况分析,调驱开始后E24、E27、E36、E28H1、E18、E22取得显著降水增油效果,截至2016年8月初,通过净增油法计算,已经实现累积增油5 937.1 m~3。     

硝化颗粒污泥的成长特性

研究了649μm、1 171μm和1 571μm三个粒径、不同初始生物量的硝化颗粒污泥90 d内的硝化性能,发现颗粒比增长速率μd、生物量比增长速率μg的变化均随粒径增大而减小.其成因在于硝化颗粒污泥内部生态环境、菌群和生物量随污泥粒径增长发生了变化,可以用引入比代谢速率后的生物量变化模型来描述这种变化.     

常温生活污水EGSB反应器颗粒污泥的特性

为研究生活污水EGSB反应器内的颗粒污泥特性,考察了运行条件的影响.结果表明,15℃以上时缩短水利停留时间(HRT)可提高COD去除率.HRT从1.6 h缩短至0.6 h,平均COD去除率从77%增加至82%.水力和基质的过负荷都会加速颗粒污泥解体.上升流速为2.8～3.1 m/h、容积负荷率(VLR)低于(12.9±7.6)kg/(m3·d)时,污泥粒径分布相对稳定;上升流速为3.8 m/h、冲击负荷为38 kg/(m3·d)时,则造成明显的污泥解体.高负荷运行有利于增加颗粒内部生物密度,但过度剪切造成的污泥破碎和粒径过小也会加剧洗出,尤其在低温条件下.缩短HRT可提高颗粒污泥活性.20℃以上,HRT从1.6 h缩短至0.75 h后,污泥比产甲烷活性(SMA)由0.85 g/(g·d)(VSS)增加至1.11g/(g·d)(VSS).长期低温驯化后,甲烷菌得以富集,10℃、HRT为2 h时,SMA增加至1.21 g/(g·d)(VSS).扫描电镜观察发现,颗粒污泥不同部位呈现明显的菌群分区现象.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the