Sb2Te3纳米薄膜的ECALE法制备

研究了利用电化学原子层外延法(electrochemical atomic layer epitaxy, ECALE)在Pt电极上生长Sb₂Te₃化合物半导体薄膜热电材料的过程. 采用循环伏安扫描分别研究了Te和Sb在Pt衬底上以及在覆盖了一层元素之上的电沉积特性, 在此基础上使用自动沉积系统交替电化学沉积了400个Te和Sb原子层. 采用XRD, FESEM和FTIR等多种分析测试手段对沉积薄膜的结构、形貌、禁带 宽等进行了表征. XRD结果表明, 沉积物是Sb₂Te₃化合物, 与EDX定量分析和 电量计算结果吻合; FESEM对薄膜表面及断面形貌检测表明沉积颗粒排列紧 密、大小均匀, 平均粒径约为20 nm, 薄膜均匀平坦, 膜厚约190 nm; 由于沉积薄膜的纳米结构, FTIR吸收谱出现蓝移, 测得Sb₂Te₃薄膜禁带宽为0.42 eV.     

形状记忆聚合物微纳米纤维膜在生物医学中的应用进展

形状记忆聚合物作为一种新兴的智能材料能够记忆暂时形状,并在外界激励条件下实现主动回复到初始形状的驱动过程.基于静电纺丝技术获得的形状记忆聚合物微纳米纤维膜与天然细胞外基质具有相似的三维结构,因此在生物医学领域,特别是组织工程中显示出巨大的应用前景.形状记忆微纳米纤维膜作为智能可变形材料为生物医疗的快速发展带来个性化、智能化的机遇.本文综述了形状记忆聚合物微纳米纤维膜的制备技术、结构形貌及驱动方法,总结了形状记忆聚合物微纳米纤维膜在骨组织支架、骨组织修复、神经支架及细胞培养等方面的应用研究,分析了形状记忆聚合物材料的其他结构在生物医疗领域的应用现状,进一步阐述了形状记忆聚合物材料未来面临的挑战及发展方向.     

纳米粒子接枝双峰聚合物链的模拟研究

向聚合物基底中添加纳米粒子可用来制备聚合物纳米复合材料,而纳米粒子在基底中的分散性和稳定性问题是多年来制约其大规模应用的关键因素.采用聚合物配体链来修饰纳米粒子,是实现对纳米粒子稳定性调节的一种可行方案.在众多接枝聚合物链的纳米粒子中,双峰聚合物刷接枝的纳米粒子在聚合物基底中表现出超强的分散性和稳定性.本文采用分子动力学方法,模拟研究了双峰聚合物链接枝到纳米粒子表面的grafting-to反应过程.模拟研究表明,影响grafting-to反应过程的因素是多重的,包括双峰聚合物链中短链所占的比例、聚合物链的浓度等因素.研究表明,反应前期聚合物链长度影响很微弱,但反应后期长链的反应速率、接枝效率都会明显降低.此外,在低浓度体系中,接枝过程并不受聚合物链长度的影响,遵循"就近原则"接枝;但在高浓度体系中,纳米粒子明显表现出"选择性"地接枝短链的行为.该研究的结论对实现聚合物纳米复合材料性能的精细调控具有一定的指导意义.     

无机功能晶体材料的结晶过程研究

功能晶体材料作为光、声、电等转换的重要介质,已经被广泛应用于能源、信息、航空航天等高新技术领域,是目前国际材料科学与工程学科发展的热点和前沿课题.结晶过程是制备功能材料的核心环节,结晶习性直接影响材料的光、电、磁、催化等功能特性.在无机材料的结晶过程中,晶体组成在微观上经历了从自由态离子到结晶态固体的相变过程.可以借助晶体组成离子的电负性及基团微观对称性的变化,研究结晶过程中聚集体的形成和结构演变规律.利用分子振动光谱能够从分子尺度上揭示非线性光学晶体材料在水溶液结晶过程中结晶学结构的形成过程,克服了传统原位观测手段中缺乏对非长程有序结构的确定.利用结晶生长的化学键合理论从热力学和动力学两个方面指导大块晶体的生长实践,合理调控晶体的生长表/界面热力学和动力学.将结晶生长的化学键合理论应用到大尺寸晶体提拉生长参数的设计和优化,成功搭建了大尺寸晶体智能生长系统,并成功生长了φ2″蓝宝石晶体、φ3″YAG晶体和φ4″铌酸锂晶体.     

基于铝诱导结晶的多晶硅薄膜材料结构优化

基于铝诱导结晶化（AIC）方法,研究了不同溅射材料结构对多晶硅薄膜形成过程和材料特性的影响.首先利用射频溅射Si和直流溅射Al的方法,分别在普通玻璃衬底上沉积Si/Al/Glass,Al/Si/Glass,Si/Al/L/Si/Al/Glass三种不同结构的薄膜材料.采用相同的低温退火（500℃）工艺,对上述薄膜进行了多组时间下的退火Al诱导结晶处理.对退火处理后的样品去除表面多余Al之后进行了X射线衍射、电子显微镜表面观察和霍耳迁移率测试,分析其晶体质量特性和电学特性.结果表明,在足够长时间下,3种结构均可成功实现AIC多晶硅薄膜,其中采用多重周期性结构的薄膜结晶速度最快,并得到更优的结晶效果.     

热液条件下BaTiO3纳米晶的形成机理

研究了热液条件下ＢａＴｉＯ３纳米晶的生长基元与结晶习性，提出ＢａＴｉＯ３的生长基元为Ｔｉ（ＯＨ）６＾２－八面体，表面均ＯＨ＾－化，通过对溶液中ＯＨ＾－量的测定和在高压釜内加直流电场的实验，得出了溶液中电流强度的变化和晶体形貌之间的关系。根据对生长基元稳定能的计算得出了不同条件下有利的生长基元和晶粒结晶形貌之间的关系，从结晶化学角度提出锐钛矿与ＢａＴｉＯ３的结构具有相似相容性，从而合理地解释了在常温     

ZnO薄膜的L-MBE动力学机制

利用自制高纯ZnO陶瓷靶材进行了ZnO薄膜的激光分子束外延(L-MBE)生长, 发现ZnO薄膜的L-MBE生长的沉积速率远低于脉冲激光沉积(PLD)的沉积速率, 并且基于ZnO薄膜生长过程中ZnO靶材与纳秒脉冲激光的刻蚀实验现象, 利用脉冲激光烧蚀ZnO陶瓷靶材的热控制理论对ZnO靶材的低刻蚀速率和ZnO薄膜的低生长速率进行了分析讨论, 对实验结果进行了合理的解释. 分析了等离子体羽辉的形成过程及其动力学特征, 揭示了ZnO薄膜L-MBE生长所具有的独特动力学特性, 即高能等离子体冲击过程中的超饱和超快生长和脉冲间隙的热平衡弛豫的交替过程. 高能沉积粒子和低生长速率对于高结晶质量ZnO薄膜的外延制备是十分有利的.     

Ag生长温度对Ag／ZnO肖特基接触特性的影响

利用脉冲激光沉积（PLD）方法在Si衬底上制备了ZnO单晶体薄膜，并在不同温度下生长了Ag膜作为肖特基电极，研究了Ag与ZnO的接触特性．利用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜和I-V测试方法对样品的晶体质量、结构和电学性质进行了分析．结果表明，ZnO薄膜具有高度的c轴择优取向，Ag膜随生长温度的不同的晶体质量有较大差异．样品在室温下的I-V测试结果表明Ag电极的生长温度对Ag／ZnO接触性能有重要影响．在150℃和200℃生长的Ag电极实现了Ag与ZnO的肖特基接触，电极生长温度低于150℃和高于200℃的样品Ag与ZnO均为欧姆接触．经过分析，肖特基接触的形成依赖于在Ag与ZnO接触界面处形成的p型反型层．     

GaN蓝光材料新型ZnO /Si外延衬底的溅射沉积

采用常规磁控溅射方法 ,通过优化工艺 ,在Si( 10 0 ) ,Si( 111)多种基片上沉积ZnO薄膜 .利用透射电镜 (TEM)、X射线衍射 (XRD)和X射线摇摆曲线 (XRC) ,对ZnO薄膜的微区形貌、结晶情况、C轴择优取向进行了详细的测试分析 .结果表明 ,所制备的ZnO薄膜具有理想的结构特性 ,大多数样品测得ZnO( 0 0 2 )晶面XRC的半高宽 (FWHM)为 1°左右 ,最小值达 0 .3 5 3°,优于目前国内外同类研究的最佳结果 2°.并对ZnO/Si( 10 0 )与ZnO/Si( 111)衬底的结果进行了比较和讨论 .     

ZnO基透明导电膜研究热点与发展趋势分析

在简要论述Zn O基透明导电膜发展现状基础上,重点讨论近年来Zn O薄膜的最新研究热点,包括在提高迁移率和载流子浓度、功函数、光学特性及表面形貌调控、湿热稳定性、柔性导电膜及超薄高性能薄膜制备等方面的最新研究动态.同时,分析了透明导电薄膜技术的应用及发展趋势,为实现Zn O基透明导电薄膜在薄膜太阳能电池、平板显示器等领域的实际应用提供理论依据与实验参考.     

The potassium channel KcsA and its interaction with the lipid bilayer

The crystal structure of the K⁺ channel KcsA explains many features of ion channel function. The selectivity filter corresponds to a narrow region about 12 Å long and 3 Å wide, lined by carbonyl groups of the peptide backbone, through which a K⁺ ion can only move in a dehydrated form. The selectivity filter opens into a central, water-filled cavity leading to a gating site on the intracellular side of the channel. The channel is tetrameric, each monomer containing two transmembrane a helices, M1 and M2. Helix M1 faces the lipid bilayer and helix M2 faces the central channel pore; the M2 helices participate in subunit-subunit interactions. Helices M1 and M2 in each subunit pack as a pair of antiparallel coils with a heptad repeat, but the M2 helices of neighbouring subunits show fewer interactions, crossing at an angle of about –40°. Trp residues at the ends of the transmembrane helices form clear girdles on the two faces of the membrane, which, together with girdles of charged residues, define a hydrophobic thickness of about 37 Å for the channel. Binding constants for phosphatidylcholines to KcsA vary with fatty acyl chain length, the optimum chain length being C22. A phosphatidylcholine with this chain length gives a bilayer of thickness about 34 Å in the liquid crystalline phase, matching the hydrophobic thickness of the protein. However, a typical biological membrane has a hydrophobic thickness of about 27 Å. Thus either the transmembrane a helices of KcsA are more tilted in the native membrane than they are in the crystal structure, or the channel is under stress in the native membrane. The efficiency of hydrophobic matching between KcsA and the surrounding lipid bilayer is high over the chain length range C10–C24. The channel requires the presence of some anionic lipids for function, and fluorescence quenching studies show the presence of two classes of lipid binding site on KcsA; at one class of site (nonannular sites) anionic phospholipids bind more strongly than phosphatidylcholine, whereas at the other class of site (annular sites) phosphatidylcholines and anionic phospholipids bind with equal affinity.     

ArF准分子激光晶化非晶硅薄膜微结构研究

利用ArF准分子激光对非晶硅薄膜的表层进行晶化后,采用拉曼光谱(Raman)、透射电镜(TEM)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)等实验方法研究不同激光能量密度下晶化层硅薄膜微结构变化。实验结果表明:随激光能量密度的增大,薄膜结晶度增大,晶化层厚度加厚;晶粒尺寸则是先增大,直到激光能量密度增大到210 mJ/cm~2后,晶粒尺寸开始减小并且均匀性逐渐变差。最佳的激光能量密度范围为120～180 mJ/cm~2,这时薄膜表面晶化层晶粒比较均匀致密,薄膜质量较好。     

Les propriétés mécaniques du caoutchouc

Summary A survey of recent work on the theories of the peculiar mechanical behaviour of substances with rubber-like properties is given. All the theories are based on the assumption that these substances (including rubber itself) are composed of very long, flexible chainmolecules. Any segment of a chain is linked to two neighbouring segments by bonds similar to those which are present in typical solids and to all other neighbours by linkages like the bonds prevailing between the particles of liquids. The chain molecules are intermingled so as to form a kind of a felt.This state of aggregation is intermediate between the solid and the liquid; it is called the rubber-like state (état gommoïdal). Elasticity, viscosity and plastic flow as well as the influence of crystallization, vulcanization and degradation are discussed in terms of this theory.     

Isolation of an antifreeze peptide from the Antarctic sponge <Emphasis Type="Italic">Homaxinella balfourensis</Emphasis>

Polar plants and animals survive in subzero waters (-2 degrees C) and many of these marine organisms produce antifreeze proteins (AFPs) to better adapt themselves to these conditions. AFPs prevent the growth of ice crystals which disrupt cellular membranes and destroy cells by inhibiting crystallization of water within the organism. The hydrophilic extract of an Antarctic sponge Homaxinella balfourensis exhibited a non-colligative freezing point depression effect on the crystal morphology of water. The extract was purified by repeated reverse phase high-pressure liquid chromatography, then assayed and shown to contain several AFPs. The major peptide was isolated, analyzed using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry and the partial structure of the peptide identified through amino acid sequencing. AFPs have potential applications in agriculture, medicine and the food industry.     

碳纳米管膜的制备及其研究进展

碳纳米管众多优良性质,并不仅仅体现在单根碳纳米管中,更多的是在大量的碳纳米管的集中体现,即碳纳米管膜的性质与应用。本文根据碳纳米管膜中碳纳米管的排列方式不同,详细介绍了无序碳纳米管膜、水平有序碳纳米管膜及垂直有序碳纳米管膜的制备方法、应用现状及其面临的挑战。     

Rapid freezing of biologic tissue. Measurement of temperature and rate of freezing by thin-layer thermocouple]

An apparatus for rapid freezing of biological tissues by contact with a copper block cooled by liquid helium has been devised to reduce the contamination of copper block surface. It prevents the precooling of the specimen while going through the layers of cold helium gas surrounding the copper block and reduces the quantity of helium necessary for freezing. It also enables one to obtain easily reproducible results from freezing by immersion in liquid coolants. Freezing rates are measured directly, related to the specimen thickness, by a thin film thermocouple; its low thermal inertia gives speed measurements of the order of 100,000 degrees C/s.     

Polyubiquitin chains: functions, structures, and mechanisms

Ubiquitin is a highly conserved 76-amino acid polypeptide that is found throughout the eukaryotic kingdom. The covalent conjugation of ubiquitin (often in the form of a polymer) to substrates governs a variety of biological processes ranging from proteolysis to DNA damage tolerance. The functional flexibility of this post-translational modification has its roots in the existence of a large number of ubiquitinating enzymes that catalyze the formation of distinct ubiquitin polymers, which in turn encode different signals. This review summarizes recent advances in the field with an emphasis on the non-canonical functions of polyubiquitination. We also discuss the potential mechanism of chain linkage specification as well as how structural disparity in ubiquitin polymers may be distinguished by ubiquitin receptors to translate the versatile ubiquitin signals into various cellular functions.     

Zur kristallmorphologischen Eiweisstestung von Samen

Summary The method of sensitive copper II-chloride crystallization has proved to be suitable for tests with biological protein substances.Seed and parts of seed taken from Leguminosae and Gramineae were tested. These two botanical families form typical and reproducible crystal patterns of cupric chloride.     

层-层自组装技术的发展与应用

对国内外层-层自组装技术的发展和应用进行了综述,总结了静电力、氢键等自组装方法的特点;较为详细地介绍了自组装多层超薄膜和中空微胶囊的制备方法和表征手段,并阐述了它们在电子、光学器件、分离、催化、模拟细胞行为和药物缓释、生物反应器和生物传感器等方面的应用;最后就这一新兴技术的发展前景作了展望.