甲基丙烯酸甲酯的活性自由基微乳液聚合

采用双硫酯存在下的活性自由基聚合方法进行了甲基丙烯酸甲酯的活性自由基微乳液聚合研究。比较了三种乳化剂对聚合体系稳定性和分子量控制的影响。在单体含量约8％时，以阳离子型乳化剂十六烷基三甲基溴铵（CTAB）为乳化剂可以得到稳定的微乳液，且具有明显的活性聚合特征，即产物分子量随转化率的增加而增大，实测分子量和理论分子量相近，分子量多分散性系数小于1．3．产物的子量控制在4万以下时达到较高的精度。聚合过程存在明显的聚合恒速期。而用阴离子型乳化剂十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）和非离子型乳化剂OP－10则需加入长链醇类助乳化剂。助乳化剂虽可提高微乳液的稳定性和单体含量，但不利于微乳液分子量的控制。反应温度对产物分子量及分子量分布的控制和体系的稳定没有明显影响。胶乳直径小于30nm，略大于未加链转移剂的正常微乳液聚合胶乳。产物的立体规整度较高，间规PMMA占59％。     

1,1-二苯基乙烯存在下甲基丙烯酸甲酯的自由基聚合研究

以偶氮二异丁腈（AIBN）为引发剂,1,1-二苯基乙烯（DPE）为添加剂,对甲基丙烯酸甲酯（MMA）的自由基聚合过程进行了研究,并通过GPC、1H-NMR、ESI-MS表征了PMMA大分子的结构。结果表明,在DPE存在下,体系在一定程度上具备可控聚合的特征：聚合物分子量随单体转化率增加而增加,分子量分布较窄;DPE用量越大,相同时间下单体转化率越低;相同单体转化率下,DPE用量越大,聚合物的相对分子质量越低。PMMA大分子主要结构为一个DPE端基的链自由基和一个PMMA链自由基间偶合终止生成的含有一个DPE单元的特征结构。     

稳定自由基存在下甲基丙烯酸甲酯的聚合研究

研究了以2，2，6，6－四甲基－1－哌啶氧化物（TEMPO）作为稳定基，过氧化苯甲酰（BPO）为引发剂，三氟乙酸酐（TFA）为加速剂，极性单体甲基丙烯酸甲酯的聚合。在TFA的促进下，聚合速率明显加快，17h可达62％的转化率，在单体化率低下30％时，分子量随转率线开增长，分子量分布较窄，转化率较高时，分散性变大，分子量变化不大，随着聚合体系温度升高，分散性变窄，140℃为其较理想的聚合温度，通过对模型聚合物的核磁共振（^1HNMR)）分析，发现氧氮自由基部分脱落，解释了极性单体洒能在稳定基存在下进行活性聚合的原因，对氧氮自由基易从主链脱落的可能解释是酯基的强电子效应削弱了C－O键，从而使氧氮自由基与主链的连接减弱，导致分子量不可控制。     

磺酸型双子表面活性剂在有机硅乳液聚合中的应用

以八甲基环四硅氧烷(D4)为原料,磺酸型双子表面活性剂为乳化剂(兼催化剂),制备了一种新型的有机硅乳液.考察了反应温度、乳化剂的用量、反应时间对乳液体系的粒径、D4的转化率、黏均分子量和力学稳定性的影响.结果表明:采用单体滴加法,在85℃高温聚合8h,然后25℃低温聚合12h,乳化剂用量为单体用量的10%,在此条件下制备的产品为微透明且具有优异稳定性能的乳液,D4转化率较高,该乳液经破乳后得到的聚硅氧烷(PDMS)黏均分子量达到2.38×105g/mol.     

CuCl/乙二胺/α-氯乙苯引发丙烯酰胺水溶液聚合反应的研究

采用沉淀法、以CuCl/乙二胺（EA）／α－氯乙苯（I－PECl）为引发体系，研究了丙烯酰胺水溶液的聚合反应，测定了单体浓度对聚合反应速率的影响，以及聚合反应转化率和聚合物分子量与反应时间的关系。结果表明，此聚合反应体系是按照原子转移自由基聚合（ATRP）机理进行反应的。     

光引发丙烯酰胺沉淀聚合研究

以丙酮/水为溶剂，采用紫外光（UV）引发丙烯酰胺（AM）沉淀聚合，考察了聚合反应的特征以及溶剂、初始单体浓度、引发剂浓度、表面入射光强、液层厚度等参数对聚合物分子量的影响。结果表明，紫外光引发丙烯酰胺沉淀聚合过程中单体转化率和聚合物分子量都随反应时间的延长而增加，光照80min时，单体转化率可达90％以上。所得聚合物分子量为10⁵～10⁶，提高单体浓度可使聚合物分子量增加，增加引发剂浓度和提高光强导致聚合物分子量降低，液层厚度对聚合物的分子量影响不大。所得聚合物粒子粒径约为200～300nm左右，粒径分布较为均匀，溶剂组成对聚合物粒子相貌影响较大，增加水含量可使粒子粒经变大但分散性变差。     

有机硅乳液的合成最优化研究

通过研究加料方式，乳化剂类型及用量，搅拌方式，聚合温度，终止反应方法等因素对产品性能的影响，并用正交试验进一步优化工艺条件，得出八甲基环四硅氧烷（D4）后加，采用的较好的乳化剂B，反应前期高温，搅拌剧烈，后期低温，搅拌温和，低温时终止反应的合成工艺，制得有机硅乳液的分子量高，单体转化率高，无“漂油”现象，耐寒，耐热，机械稳定性均好。     

含氟丙烯酸酯共聚乳液合成工艺的研究

通过种子乳液聚合法合成含氟丙烯酸酯共聚乳液,探讨增溶剂β-环糊精（β-CD）用量、引发剂过硫酸铵（APS）用量、反应温度、含氟单体甲基丙烯酸十二氟庚酯（DFHMA）用量、乳化剂十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）用量对单体转化率的影响。结果表明：β-CD的加入对单体最终转化率影响不大,且单体的转化速率随着β-CD用量的增加而降低;APS含量为0.6wt%时,所得共聚乳液转化率高,稳定性好;最佳反应温度为80℃;转化率随DFHMA含量的增加而逐渐降低。     

丙烯酰胺反相乳液合成条件的优化考察

以50%阳离子度的DMC-AM体系为考察对象,采用复合乳化剂体系、白油为分散相,在水溶性氧化还原引发体系的引发下,成功得到稳定性好、分子量640万~1000万的阳离子聚丙烯酰胺反相乳液。在考察不同类型白油对乳液性能影响的基础上,分别讨论了乳化剂用量、油水比、水相单体浓度、水相pH值、和乳化速度对聚合物的分子量和聚合速度的影响,并利用显微镜考察了以上单因素实验体系聚合前后微观形态的变化,初步分析了乳液形态变化的原因。最后在探索性试验的基础上通过正交试验复合乳化剂司班吐温比、油水体积比、乳化剂量三个因素对乳液聚合物的表观黏度和聚合最高温度的影响大小,确定了最佳聚合配方。     

淀粉接枝丙烯酸/醋酸乙烯酯环保固沙剂的合成及固沙应用

利用溶液聚合法制备了水溶性淀粉接枝丙烯酸（AA）/醋酸乙烯酯（VAc）固沙剂乳液，考察了单体质量比、AA中和度、引发剂用量、聚合温度对乳液性能的影响，采用FT-IR、TG对乳液进行了表征，并初步研究了固沙剂的表面固化效果、抗压强度等固沙性能。结果表明单体质量比(m_AA∶m_VAc)为2∶1、AA中和度为25%、引发剂质量为单体质量的0.8%、聚合温度为80℃时，固沙剂乳液外观、黏度及放置稳定性等均较优；固沙剂在200℃下热稳定性良好，固化作用及抗压强度能够满足实际固沙应用中的要求。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that